45

47

CHAPTER I. Of the Requisites of Production.

§ 1. Requisites of production, what,

2. The function of labour defined,

3. Does nature contribute more to the efficacy of labour in

some occupations than in others?

4. Some natural agents limited, others practically unlimited, in

quantity,

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50

CHAPTER II. Of Labour, as an Agent of Production.

§ 1. Labour employed either directly about the thing produced,

or in operations preparatory to its production,

53

2. Labour employed in producing subsistence for subsequent

labour,

55

3.- in producing materials,

58

4. - or implements,

60

.

PAGE

62

63

5. Labour employed in the protection of labour,

6. — in the transport and distribution of the produce,

7. Labour which relates to human beings,

8. Labour of invention and discovery,

9. Labour agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial,

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69

CHAPTER III. Of Unproductive Labour.

X Х

71

73

§ 1. Labour does not produce objects, but utilities,

2. which are of three kinds,

3. Productive labour is that which produces utilities fixed and

embodied in material objects, .

4. All other labour, however useful, is classed as unproductive

5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption,

6. Labour for the supply of Productive Consumption, and la-

bour for the supply of Unproductive Consumption,

80

81

83

CHAPTER IV. Of Capital.

§ 1. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employment,

2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed

in it,

2. Examination of some cases illustrative of the idea of Capital,

86

89

93

CHAPTER V. Fundamental Propositions respecting

Capital.

§ 1. Industry is limited by Capital,

94

2. but does not always come up to that limit,

96

3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labour,

without assignable bounds,

4. Capital is the result of saving,

101

5. All capital is consumed,

103

6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual re.

production,

107

7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation, 109

8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans, 110

9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labour,

114

10. Fallacy respecting Taxation,

121

.

CHAPTER VI. Of Circulating and Fixed Capital.

PAGE

127

§ 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what,

2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,

might be detrimental to the labourers,

3. - this seldom if ever occurs,

.

130

134

.

CHAPTER VII. On what depends the degree of Productive-

ness of Productive Agents.

.

$ 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at

different times and places,

2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages,

3. - greater energy of labour,

4. superior skill and knowledge,

5. – superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the com-

munity generally,

6. Superior security,

139

140

142

145

.

147

152

.

CHAPTER VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination

of Labour.

§ 1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior produc-

tiveness,

2. Effects of separation of employments analysed,

3. Combination of labour between town and country,

4. The higher degrees of the division of labour,

5. Analysis of its advantages,

6. Limitations of the division of labour,

.

156

159

162

164

166

174

CHAPTER IX. Of Production on a Large, and

Production on a Small Scale.

.

§ 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufac-

tures,

2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle,

3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production,

4. Large and small farming compared,

176

182

188

190

CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour.

PAGE

§ 1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of

three elements, Labour, Capital, and Land,

2. The Law of Population,

3. By what checks the increase of population is practically

limited, ,

205

206

208

CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.

213

§ 1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent,

2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of

accumulation, .

3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire, .

4. Exemplification of its excess,

215

218

226

3 CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Produc-

tion from Land.

229

§ 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the

real limits to production, ·

2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing

return in proportion to the increased application of labour

and capital,

3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the

progress of improvements in production,

230

235

CHAPTER XIII. Consequences of the foregoing Laws.

243

§ 1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of

the principle of accumulation,

2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of

278

280

§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by

contract,

2. — the validity of prescription,

3. — the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.

Question of inheritance examined,

4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?

5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of prop-

erty in moveables,

6. — only valid on certain conditions, which are not always

realized. The limitations considered,

7. Rights of property in abuses,

281

287

291

293

298

CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the

Produce is distributed.

§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes,

2. — sometimes belongs undividedly to one,

3. sometimes divided between two,

301

302

303

CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.

§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the prod-

uce,

2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land,

3. Influence of custom on prices,

306

307

310

.