audible; a second is a louder chirp or twitter, and a third shelled snails. He had also remarked that the sides of the is of a hoarser kind.'

stomach in this bird were muscular and much thickened, In the Portraits d'Oyseuux the qualities of this species forming a gizzard which the true tits do not possess; and are thus summed up :

that this structure of the stomach afforded the power of . Ceste Mesange est à la longue queue

breaking down the shells of the testaceous mollusks—SucOyseau petit, comme est le Roytelet.

cinea amphibia and Pupa muscorum-many of which had Di demeurant, inconstant, et follet,

been found comminuted therein. Still, from the comPar son bault chant sa voix est bien cogneue.'

parative rarity of this bird in Britain, and the impervious The Bearded Titmouse.

nature of its haunts, its habits were comparatively little Description.-Male.—Black between the bill and the known. Mr. Hoy and Mr. Dykes have supplied much eye, and these black feathers are very long and prolonged interesting information on this head. on each side on the lateral part of the neck; head and The former states that the Bearded Tit begins building occiput bluish ash; throat and front of the neck pure towards the end of April, and that the nest is composed white, which blends on the breast and the middle of the on the outside

of dead leaves of the reed and sedge, interbelly into a rosy hue; nape, back, rump, feathers of the mixed with a few pieces of grass, and lined with the top middle of the tail and sides fine rust-colour; great coverts of the reed. He describes it as generally placed in a tuft of the wings deep black, bordered with deep rusty on the of coarse grass or rushes near the ground, on the margin of external barb, and reddish white on the internal barb; the dikes, in the fens; and sometimes as fixed among the quills bordered with white; feathers of the under part of reeds that are broken down, but never suspended between the tail deep black; lateral tail-feathers bordered and ter. the stems. Their food, he says, is principally the seed of minated with grey; tail long, much graduated; bill and the reed, and so intent were they on their search for it, that mis fine yellow. Length 6 inches and 2 or 3 lines. he had taken them with a bird-limed twig attached to a

Female.—No black moustaches; throat and front of the fishing-rod. When alarmed by any sudden noise, or the neck tarnished white; upper parts of the head and body passing of a hawk, they uttered their shrill musical notes, usty, shaded with brown; on the middle of the back and concealed themselves among the thick bottoms of the some longitudinal black spots; under tail-coverts bright reeds, but they soon resumed their station, climbing the rusty.

upright stems with the greatest facility. Young at their leaving the nest, and before their first Mr. Dykes had an opportunity of examining three specisoult, with nearly the whole of the plumage of very bright mens, and he found their crops completely filled with the reddish; a good deal of black on the external barbs of the Succinea amphibia in a perfect state, the shells unbroken quills and tail-feathers ; on the middle of the back a very and singularly closely packed together. The crop of one, large space of deep black. After the first moult nothing not larger than a hazel nut, contained twenty Šuccineæ, of the deep black of the back remains but some longitudinal some of them of a good size, and four Pupe muscorum, spots.

with the shells also entire. The stomach was full of small Varieties.—More or less marked with white or whitish ; fragments of sheil, in a greater or less degree of decompothe colours of the plumage often feebly developed. (Temm.) sition. Numenus sharp angular fragments of quartz which

This is the Mésange Barbue ou Moustache of the French; had been swallowed had with the action of the stomach
Bartmeise of the Germans ; Least Butcher-Bird of Edwards; effected the comminution of the shells.
Reed Pheasant (provincial) of the modern British, and Ý Two nests obtained by Mr. Yarrell from the parish of
Barfog of the Welsh.

Horsey, were sustained only an inch or two above the N.B. M. Temminck remarks that the Zahnschäblige ground by the strength of the stems of the coarse grass on Bartheise of Brehm is a species or subspecies founded which they were fixed. Each was composed entirely of only on individuals which have been long caged, such as dried bents, the finer ones forming the lining ; others inmay be seen in the Dutch markets, where numbers are creasing in substance made up the exterior. Mr. Yarrell veld. Some of these captives come to London, where they states the number of eggs at from four to six, rather ay be bought for some four or five shillings a pair. The smaller than those of the Great Titmouse, and less pointed; * and bill in the living bird are of a delicate orange- eight lines and a half long by six lines and a halt in clour.

breadth, white, and sparingly marked with pale red lines Geographical Distribution. The north of Europe, Eng- or scratches. (British Birds.) and, Sweden; Asia, on the shores of the Caspian Sea; nothere so abundant as in Holland; accidentally, on passage, in France. (Temm.) In the third part of the second edition of his Manuel, M. Temminck says, that in Italy it s a common in the marshes of Ostia, as in those of Holand near Amsterdam. As to Sweden, Pennant also states that it is rarely found there ; but neither Müller, Brisson, por Nilsson notices it in that locality. Mr. Yarrell gives the best summary known to us of the recorded distribution of the species in the British Islands :—South and west of London the Bearded Tit has been found in Surrey about some ponds near Godalming; in Sussex near Winchelsea ;

nad on the banks of the Thames from London upwards, as wa Oxford. Pennant says it has been taken near Glou

sester. In Cornwall, as I learn from Mr. Rodd, it is constered very rare; a single specimen was obtained in the taghbourhood of Helston, which is now in the collection made by the late Humphrey Grylls, Esq. It is not included a the catalogue of the Birds of Shropshire and North Sales, lately published in the “ Annals of Natural History" h by friend Mr. Thomas Eyton; but is said to have been taken in Lancashire; and a single specimen is recorded as Lash by Mr. Thompson, on the authority of Mr. W. S. Wall, 2 bini-preserver in Dublin, which example was received fra the banks of the Shannon. Eastward from London be Bearded Tit inhabits the various reed-beds on the banks of the Thames, both in Kent and Essex. It is found also in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire, st has not been traced in this country north of the

Habits, Food, &c.—Dr. Leach had observed the fondness this species for marshy and reedy spots, the shape of its cup-shaped nest placed on the ground, and the nature its foed-seeds, insects and their larvæ, and small

Bearded Titmonse, Male and Female. (Gould.)

Humber

Penduline Titmouse.

and mostly overhangs the water ; sometimes however it Description.- Male.—Bill black, straight, a little elon- is interwoven among the reed-stems. The eggs, which gated, and pointed ; tail short; top of the head and nape are pure white marked with some red spots or blotches, pure ash-colour; forehead, space between the eye and the are generally six in number. bill, region of the eyes, and feathers of the orifices of the

ASIATIC TITMICE. ears deep black; back and scapulars reddish grey ; rump ash-colour; throat white, the other lower parts whitish,

Example.-Parus Xanthogenys. with rosy tints; coverts of the wings chesnut, bordered

Description.-Head with a full crest of black feathers; and terminated with whitish rusty and white; wings and occiput, superciliary stripe, and cheeks yellow; ear-coverts tail blackish, bordered with whitish rusty; tail-feathers black; back olive; wings and tail black, the former terminated with white ; iris yellow. Length 4 inches 3 or spotted, and the latter tipped with white; a broad black 4 lines.

líne passing down the throat, and extending along the Female.-Rather less than the male ; the black on the middle of the abdomen ; sides of the chest and Aanks forehead not so large nor so pure ; the band which passes pale yellow; bill and feet black; size rather less than over the eyes and terminates at the ears, bluish black; that of the Greater Tit, Parus major. (Gould.) ash-colour of the head less pure; upper parts more

Locality, Habits, fc.-The Himalaya Mountains ; clouded with rusty, but there is a yellowish tint on the figured and described, in his · Century of Birds,' by middle of the belly.

Mr. Gould, who remarks that the species bears a close The young up to their first moult have the colours resemblance to our Parus major, from which it differs brighter; they have not the forehead black.

principally in its crested head. He further observes that This is the Rémiz or Mésange de Pologne of the French, the brilliancy of its colouring is not surpassed by that of and Beutel Meise of the Germans.

any of its congeners, and that its mode of life strictly Geographical Distribution.-Southern and eastern pro- assimilates to that of the Pari in general. vinces of Europe principally. Russia, Poland, Hungary. Austria, along the banks of the Danube, where it breeds, south of France and Italy.

Parus Xanthogenys. (Gould.)

AMERICAN TITMICE.
Example.-Parus atricapillus, Black-cap Titmouse.

Description.-Male.-Upper aspect of the head, nape, chin, and throat velvet-black. A white line from the nostrils through the eye, spreads out on the side of the neck; back lead-coloured, glossed with yellowish grey, quill and tail feathers blackish grey, edged with greyish white; under-plumage brownish white, deepening in some specimens to yellowish grey ; bill pitch black; legs bluish ; total length five inches six lines. (Fauna Borealiai Americana.)

Some ornithologists have considered this bird identical with the Marsh Titmouse, Parus palustris, of Europe, M. Temminck in the first part of his Manuel declares that

individuals sent to him from North America had absolutely Penduline Titmouse and Nest:

the same distribution of colours on their plumage as those Habits, Food, 8-c.-M. Temminck has placed this species killed in Europe, only the hues of the American individuals together with the Bearded Tit in his second Section of were more pure. In the third part, where he notices Títmice, the Riverains; and indeed the Penduline Tit Parus palustris, and adds to its synonyms, he says nothing mouse, both in habits and in the choice of its food, has to contradict his original observation; and in the first many points in common with the other species above part he gives Parus atricapillus, La Mésange d tête noire described. Like the Bearded Tit, the Penduline Titmouse du Canada (Briss.), and the Black-cap and Canada Tite haunts the reedy banks of rivers, or the margins of wide- mouse (Lath.), as synonyms of Parus palustris. watered 'shores, and its food consists not only of the seeds Mr. Swainson and Dr. Richardson however, after refer of the reeds, but of aquatic insects and mollusks. It de- ring to the opinions of those who have considered the mves its name from its pensile purse-like or flask-like nest, European and the American bird as the same, state that generally suspended at the end of some willow twig or the two species appear to them to be sufficiently distinct other flexible branch of an uatic tree. This skilfully- According to them this tit is the Parus atricapillus, Linn., wrought cradle is woven from the cotton-like wool or who by the way gives Canada as its habitat; Mésanged down of the willow or poplar, with an opening in the side tête noire de Canada, Buff.; Black-capt Titmouse, Parus for the ingress and egress of the artificers and their young, I atricapillus, Wils. ; Parus atricapillus, Bonap.; Peecheh

treskæshees of the Cree Indians; and Mésange of the parents, who appear, nevertheless, very solicitous for their Canadian voyageurs : and they observe that its loose safety. From this time the whole family continue to assoplumage, like that of the Canadian jay, is well qualified ciate together through the autumn and winter. They for its protection in the severe arctic winters. According seem to move by concert from tree to tree, keeping up a to Nuttall, · Chicadee' is the familiar name for this bird. continued 'tshe-de-de-de-deand'tshe-de-de-de-dart, preceded

Geographical Distribution.-Supposing the bird to be a by a shrill whistle, all the while busily engaged picking distinet species. The whole width of the American con- round the buds and branches, hanging from their extremitinent, from lat. 65° to the southern districts of the United ties and proceeding often in reversed postures, head downStates, throughout the year: one of the most common birds wards, like so many tumblers, prying into every crevice of in the fur-countries , a small family inhabiting almost every the bark, and searching around the roots and in every tricket. (Fauna boreali-Americana.) In winter resident possible retreat of their insect prey or its larvæ. If the around Hudson's Bay, and has been met with at 62° on the object chance to fall, they industriously descend to the north-west coast. 'Difficult to say in what part of the ground and glean it up with the utmost economy.' ['nited States it is most common, so generally and equally • On seeing a cat, or other object of natural antipathy, has it colonized the temperate parts. In winter abundant the Chicadee, like the peevish jay, scolds in a loud, angry, in all the forests of the southern states to Florida, and pro- and hoarse note, like 'Tshe, daigh, dáigh, dáigh. Among bably extending its visits into Mexico. (Nuttall.) the other notes of this species, I have heard a call like

Habits, Food, fc.—The author last quoted gives a gra- tshe-de-jay, tshe-de-jay, the two first syllables being a phic description of the manners of this titmouse, which slender chirp, with the jáy strongly pronounced. The rould suffer by an attempt to lay it before the reader in only note of this bird which may be called a song, is one my other terms than his own.

which is frequently heard at intervals in the depth of the In all these countries,' says the observing author of forest, at times of the day, usually, when other birds are the Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and silent. We then may sometimes hear in the midst of this

Canada, ' in autumn families of them are seen chatter- solitude two feeble, drawling, clearly whistled, and rather ing and roving through the woods, busily engaged in melancholy notes, like 'te-derry, and sometimes ye-pěrrit, gleaning their multifarious food, along with the preceding and, occasionally, but much more rarely, in the same wiry, species' (Parus bicolor), Nuthatches, and Creepers, the whistling, solemn tone, 'phčbé. The young, in winter, also whole forming a busy, active, and noisy group, whose sometimes drawl out these contemplative strains. In all manners, food, and habits bring them together in a com- cases the first syllable is very high and clear, the second mon pursuit. Their diet varies with the season ; for be- word drops low, and ends like a feeble plaint. This is sides insects, their larvæ and eggs, of which they are more nearly all the quaint song ever attempted by the Chicadee; particularly fond, in the month of September they leave the and is perhaps the two notes sounding like the whetting of Foods and assemble familiarly in our orchards and gardens, a saw, remarked of this bird* in England by Mr. White, in and even enter the thronging cities in quest of that sup- his Natural History of Selborne (vol. i.). On fine days port which their native forests now deny them. Large about the commencement of October, I have heard the seeds of many kinds, particularly those which are oily, as Chicadee sometimes for half an hour at a time, attempt a the sun-flower, and pine, and spruce-kernels, are now sought lively, petulant warble, very different from his ordinary ater. These seeds, in the usual manner of the genus, are notes. On these occasions he appears to flirt about, still seized in the claws and held against the branch until hunting for his prey, but almost in an ecstasy of delight picked open by the bill to obtain their contents. Fat of and vigour. But after a while the usual drawling note ranous kinds is also greedily eaten, and they regularly again occurs. These birds, like many others, are very subwatch the retreat of the hog-killers, in the country, to glean ject to the attacks of vermin, and they accumulate in great up the fragments of meat which adhere to the places numbers around that part of the head and front which is there the carcasses have been suspended. At times they least accessible to their feet.' Red upon the wax of the candle-berry myrtle (Myrica • The European bird is supposed to be partial to marshy stifera); they likewise pick up crumbs near the houses, places. Ours has no such predilection, nor does the Améod search the weather-boards and even the window-sills rican bird, that I can learn, even lay up or hide any store familiarly for their lurking prey, and are particularly fond e spiders and the eggs of destructive moths, especially those of the canker-worm, which they greedily destroy in all its stages of existence. It is said that they sometimes attack their own species when the individual is sickly, and in their blows at the skull with a view to eat the brain ; but this barbarity I have never witnessed. In winter, Then satisfied, they will descend to the snow-bank beneath, and quench their thirst by swallowing small pieces; in this say, their various and frugal meal is always easily suppued; and hardy, and warmly clad in light and very towny feathers, they suffer very little inconvenience from the inclemency of the seasons. Indeed in the winter, or

about the close of October, they at times appear so enEvened as already to show their amorous attachment, like

domestic cock, the male approaching his mate with futtering and vibrating wings; and in the spring season te males have obstinate engagements, darting after each

sther with great velocity and anger. Their roost, I respect, is in the hollows of decayed trees, where they izko breed, laying their eggs merely in the dry rotten

wood, without any attempt at a nest ;* these are from 6 to 12 in number, white with specks of brown-red. They begin to lay about the middle or close of April, and though frey commonly make use of natural or deserted holes of the woodpecker, yet at times they are said to excavate I cavity for themselves with much labour. The first brood ake wing about the 7th or 10th of June, and they have sometimes a second towards the end of July. The young,

as soon as fledged, have all the external marks of the adult, the head is equally black, and they chatter and skip . about with all the agility and self-possession of their

of seeds for provision-a habit reported of the foreign was in consequence detained there for several years.

H family.

did not quit Japan till 1784. After his return to Batavi The Prince of Canino, a valuable authority at all times, he was appointed governor of the Dutch factory in th but especially in this case, for he has enjoyed opportunities vicinity of Chandernagore : how long he filled

this office i of comparing the American and European birds and their uncertain. habits, notes Parus palustris and Parus atricapillus as In 1794 Titsingh was appointed by the government a distinct species, in his Birds of Europe and North America. Batavia chief of the embassy which Van Braam, hoping

to be himself appointed ambassador, had persuaded then AFRICAN TITMICE.

to send to the court of Pekin. The mission left Canton or Example, Parus niger, Vieill. (Parus leucopterus, white- the 22nd of November, 1794, and reached that city on it winged Tit, Sw.).

return on the 11th of May, 1795. The ill-health of Titsing! Description.—Deep uniform glossy black with slight during the greater part of his residence in Pekin caused bluish reflection in certain lights, except the wings, on the discharge of the functions of ambassador to devolve in which the black is relieved by the snowy white of the a great measure on Van Braam. Not long after the ter lesser and greater coverts and of the quills. Total length mination of this mission Titsingh returned to Holland, afte nearly six inches.

a residence of about thirty-one years in the East. The in Locality:-Abundant in the Caffre country, South voluntary prolongation of his residence in Japan had en Africa. Mr. Swainson (Birds of Western Africa) observes abled him to obtain a greater amount of information that Le Vaillant states that this species was never met relative to those islands ihan his predecessors, and the with by him, either on the west coasts or near the Cape of friendships he had contracted with several of the noble Good Hope, but that this is very singular, since two spe- enabled him to procure, at a later date, by their good cimens received from Senegal perfectly agree both with offices, material additions to the collections he had made Le Vaillant's figure and description. Mr. Swainson re- himself

. He was acknowledged both by the Japanese marks that the size of this bird is exactly that of Parus and Chinese to possess a knowledge of their custom major, and that the structure is nearly the same, except and manners rare in a European. He was esteemed that the bill is rather shorter and the culmen more arched; by his colleagues for his business

talents; and the literat the feet also, he adds, are somewhat smaller, and their of Europe who had applied to him for information

had claws shorter, broader, and more curved.

ever found him as courteous and liberal as he was intelliHabits, fc.-Le Vaillant describes the note of this gent: consequently great additions to our knowledge of species, his Mésange noire, as the same with that of Parus Japan were anticipated on his return to Europe. These major. The nest, he says, is made in the trunks of trees, expectations have been in a great measure disappointed where the bird also roosts. The pure white eggs, he adds, with the exception of information which he supplied to are from six to eight in number.

Marsden, De Guignes and others, nothing appeared during
his life; and after his death, by a fever which he neglected
in February, 1812, his collections were dispersed ; only:
portion of his manuscripts, maps, and curiosities were ulti
mately recovered. M. Nepven, who had become th
purchaser of the fragments, published in 1819, in two vols
Svo., “Cérémonies usitées au Japon pour les Mariages e
les Funérailles, suivies de Détails sur la Poudre Doxia, et d
la Préface d'un livre de Confoutzée sur la Piété Filiale
traduit du Japonais par feu M. Titsingh. In the introdue
tion to these Memoirs the author states that many of th
most distinguished Japanese are fully aware of the advan
tage their country would derive from an extended inter
course with foreigners. In 1820 M. Abel Rémusat pub
lished in 8vo., from the MSS. of Titsingh, Mémoires e
Anecdotes de la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, souve
rains du Japon, avec la Déscription des Fêtes et Cérémonie
observées aux différentes époques de l'année à la cou
de ces Princes, et un Appendice contenant des Détail
sur la Poësie des Japonais, leur Manière de divise
l'Année, &c.' An English translation of these two works
by Frederic Shoberl, was published in_1822. Th
volumes edited by M. Rémusat, and the English trans
lation, contain a catalogue of the books, printed and
MS., the maps, plans, coins, &c., collected by Titsingt
Among the Mss. are his journal of travels from Canton
Pekin; copies of letters addressed by him to various per
sons during the years 1790 to 1797; forty-six autograp
letters addressed to him by Japanese functionaries an
Roman Catholic missionaries ; thirty-five autograph letter
addressed to him by Volney, De Guignes, senior, and othe
eminent literary characters; and an exposition of th
official conduct of M. Titsingh. The publication of th
most important of these documents is very desirable: the
are calculated to throw light both on the character of th
natives and the conduct of Europeans in these distar

regions. The account of Titsingh's official conduct, an Parus Niger. (Le Vaillant.)

his journal while ambassador in China, might supply wha

is left untold by De Guignes and misstated by Van Braar TITMOUSE. [Tıtmice.]

in their respective publications. The twenty-fourth volum TITSINGH, ISAAC, one of the most able civilians in of the · Annales des Voyages' contains an account of th the Dutch East Indian service during the last century. He island of Yesso, translated from the Japanese by Titsing! was born at Amsterdam in 1740: he entered the service of and a 'Notice sur Japon,’ in Charpentier Cossigny the East India Company of Holland at an early age, and Journey to Bengal,' contains a rather inaccurate report rose to the rank of counsellor. His naturally vigorous the substance of conversations with him respecting the constitution defied the pestilential effects of the climate of country. The important work the Japanese Encyclo Batavia, where in the course of seventeen years he saw the pædia,' in the Bibliothèque du Roi,' al Paris, was ok entire body of his colleagues twice renewed. He was sent tained from Titsingh. as supercargo to Japan in 1778. The war which then (De Guignes, Voyage à Peking, &c.; Memoirs, raged prevented the despatch of the ship sent annually Titsingh, published at Paris, in 1819 and 1820; Va from Batavia to the Dutch factory at Desima, and Titsingh Braam's Account of the Dutch Embassy to the Emperor

6

China; and a Notice of Titsingh, by Eyries, in Biographie | Titus fell dangerously ill after the death of his unfortunate Universelle.) friend, it was said and believed that he had drunk a part of that deadly potion by which Britannicus perished. Titus afterwards erected two statues to the memory of the companion of his youth. Possessed of uncommon beauty and vigour, and extraordinary talents, Titus distinguished himself at an early age. The first campaigns which he made as tribunus militum were in Britannia and Germany. He first married Aricidia Tertulla, the daughter of a Roman knight, and after her death, Marcia Furnilla, who was of a noble family, but from whom he was divorced some time after she had borne him a daughter. Titus became afterwards quaestor. The Jews, having been oppressed by Ges sius Florus, revolted in 66 A.D. and defeated Cestius Gallus, the proconsul of Syria, but they were beaten by M. Licinius Mucianus, the new proconsul of Syria, and T. Vespasianus, the father of Titus, who was the commander of the Roman army, which consisted of three legions. One of these legions was commanded by Titus, who showed as much military skill as personal courage, especially in the siege and capture of the towns of Taricheae and Gamala (67 a.d.). During his sojourn in Palestine he fell in love with Berenice, the daughter of Herod Agrippa. [BERENICE (6).]

TITTMANN, JOHANN AUGUST HEINRICH, one of the most distinguished German theologians of modern times, was born on the 1st of August, 1773, at Langensalza, where his father, Carl Christian Tittmann, was then preacher. Young Tittmann was originally of a very weakly constitution, but he gained strength as he grew older, especially from the time that he lived at Wittenberg, where his father was appointed præpositus and professor in the year 1775. His extraordinary talents enabled him to enter upon the study of theology and philosophy at Wittenberg as early as the year 1788, after he had the year before published a Latin essay, 'De Virgilio Homerum imitante,' Wittenberg, 1787. On completing his studies there, he went to Leipzig in 1792, where he began his career as academical teacher on the 15th of May, 1793. His talents and the extensive knowledge he possessed at this early age would have made him the first theologian of his time, if he had not been frequently drawn away from his regular studies, and occupied with different subjects. Nevertheless he distinguished himself so much, that in the year 1795 he was appointed morning-preacher (Frühprediger) to the university, and the year after professor extraordinary of philosophy, and in 1800 of theology. In 1805 he was made a doctor of divinity, and obtained the fourth ordinary professorship of theology, and in 1818 he became first professor of theology in the university of Leipzig. During the last years of his life he was dean of the cathedral of Meissen. He died, in consequence of a cold he took in 1828, and of which he never recovered, on the 31st of December, 1831.

In the mean time the emperor Nero was murdered, and Galba succeeded (69 A.D.). In consequence of this event. T. Vespasianus sent his son Titus to Rome, in order tɔ gain the favour of the new emperor. Perhaps also Vespasianus wished to be informed of Galba's intention with regard to the war in Palestine, the command of the forces employed there being an office by which Vespasianus had acquired great influence in the East. (Tacitus, Hist., ii. 1, As an academical teacher Tittmann distinguished him- and the notes to this passage in the edition of Gronovius, self by his acuteness, sound judgment, and by the sim-ii., p. 127.) The people said that Titus had some hope of plicity and clearness with which he treated his subject. It being adopted by Galba, who was old and without issue; was perhaps owing to the variety of subjects on which he but although this motive of his going to Rome is rejected had tried his strength, that in his later years he was found by Tacitus, the mere existence of such a rumour proves competent to undertake the most varied business in which that Titus had already attracted the public attention. he was employed by his government. At the congress of When Titus arrived at Corinth he was informed that Galba Vienna, which he attended for some time, he spoke with had been murdered (15th of January, 69 A.D.), and that the great frankness, and particularly exerted himself to realise imperial power was disputed by Vitellius and Otho. This his favourite plan of uniting the German Protestants, and event perplexed him. His commission being to congratugiving to their body a new ecclesiastical constitution. But late Galba, he could not expect to be well received by his object was not attained. During the last years of his Vitellius, by whose instigation Galba had been massacred; hfe he was a member of the first chamber of the Saxon nor did he deem it prudent to adhere to either of the imdeputies, in which he represented the university of Leipzig, perial rivals before he had taken the advice of his father. and often exercised great influence by his ability and his He therefore returned to Judæa. There was a rumour that powers as a speaker. his love for Berenice was the secret cause of his return; The numerous writings of Tittmann are distinguished by but however strong his passion was, it never prevented great clearness of style, those written in German, as well as him from doing his duty. On his way from Greece to Syria those in Latin. The following are the most important for he landed on Cyprus, and there consulted the oracle in the the theological student:- Encyclopädie der Theologischen temple of Venus of Paphos. The answer was favourable Wissenschaften,' Leipzig, 1798, 8vo.; Theocles, ein Ges- with regard to his voyage, and highly flattering to his ampach über den Glauben an Gott,' Leipzig, 1799, 8vo.;bition: Sostratus, the priest of the temple and reporter of Ideen zu einer Apologie des Glaubens,' Leipzig, 1799, the oracle, promised him the empire. (Tacitus, Hist., ii. So.; Theon, oder über unsere Hoffnungen nach dem 2-4; Suetonius, Titus, c. 6.) Tode, Leipzig, 1801; Lehrbuch der Homiletik,' Breslau, 04, 8vo. Pragmatische Geschichte der Theologie und Religion in der Protestantischen Kirche während der weiten Hälfte des 18ten Jahrhunderts' (of this excellent work only the first volume appeared, Breslau, 1805, 8vo.); Ueber Supranaturalismus, Rationalismus, und Atheismus,' Leipzig, 1816, 8vo. ; Ueber Vereinigung der Evangelischen Kirchen,' Leipzig, 1818; Die Evangelische Kirche im Jahre 1530 und 1830,' Leipzig, 1830, 8vo. Tittmann also edited the Greek text of the New Testament, Leipz., 1824, 12mo., which has often been reprinted, and Zonaras and Photius's Greek Lexicon, Leipzig, 1808, 4to.; but of this Work only two volumes appeared, which contain the Lexicon of Zonaras. He also wrote a great number of Latin dissertations in programmes and on other occasions, hich were edited after his death by Hahn, under the title, Opuscula varii Argumenti, maximam partem dogmatici, apologetici, et historici,' Leipzig, 1833, 8vo. Another Latin work, De Synonymis in Novo Testamento,' was edited by Becher, Leipzig, 1832, 8vo. Information about the author is given in the prefaces to these last-menLoned publications, and in the Conversations Lexikon, V. Tittmann.'

TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIA'NUS, the son of the eraperor Vespasianus, was born on the 29th of December, 400 A.D. He received his education together with young Butannicus, who was poisoned by Nero in 55 A.D., and as P. C., No. 1553.

Titus was one of the leaders of the new revolution by which Vitellius lost his power a short time after his victory over his competitor Otho at Brixellum. Full of filial admiration for the character of his father, Titus endeavoured to remove the only obstacle to his accession, which might have frustrated their plans, notwithstanding Vespasianus was at the head of three legions and a strong body of auxiliaries. This obstacle was, a serious misunderstanding which existed between Vespasianus and Mucianus, the proconsul of Sya. Titus succeeded in reconciling them. Their difference had chiefly a political character, yet Titus, by the mildness of his manner and by the modesty of his persuasion, brought together two highlygifted men who were divided by the most intractable of passions. Supported by Mucianus, by Tiberius Alexander, and by Titus, Vespasianus was proclaimed emperor by the army in the East, while his brother Flavius Sabinus occupied for him the Capitol in Rome, and compelled Vitellius to lay down the imperial diadem. [VESPASIANUS; TIBERIUS ALEXANDER; VITELLIUS.] Vespasianus left Judæa for Rome, and the command of the army of Judæa and the continuation of the war devolved upon Titus. Domitianus, the younger brother of Titus, having incurred the displeasure of his father, Titus interceded for him with brotherly affection. (Tacitus, Hist., iv. 51, 52.)

The army in Judæa, of which Titus was now the commander, consisted of six legions, twenty cohorts of allies, VOL. XXV.-C