rejoice in Christ's person, offices, righ- ing Asia, found it in a poor condition, teousness, power, and love, and with and believing themselves the offspring joy think of, delight in, and extol the of the ancient Trojans, spared no cost work of redemption, and the whole or pains to repair and embellish it. providence of God connected there- Augustus sent a colony of Romans to with, 2 Cor. ii. 14. Psal. xcii. 4. and inhabit it. Here Paul often preached, cvi. 47. Philistia's triumphing because and planted a church; and with one of David, may either be an irony Carpus he here left his cloak, and signifying their mourning and howling some parchments. A church long reat his conquest of them; or it may mained in this place; but at present denote their having reason to rejoice, || we know of nothing in it but some old as they had got a better master than ruins, Acts xvi. 8. and xx. 5, 12. 2 their tyrannic lords; or the phrase Tim. iv. 13. may signify his triumphing over them, Psal. Ix. 8. and cviii. 9.

TROGYLLIUM, TROGILIAS, or TROGILIA, was a promontory, or head of land, of Mycale, about five miles from Samos, Acts xx. 15.

TROOP, a band of men, especially warriours or robbers, Job vi. 19. Hosea vi. 9. Perhaps the GAD and MENI, rendered troop and number, may

the valour of their troops, Isa. lxv. 11. The Chaldeans, multitudes of concurrent afflictions, and the various creatures on earth, and especially the saints, are called God's troops, as he orders their form, motion, and influ

TROAS, or TROY, a city of l'hrygia or Mysia, a little to the south-west of the mouth of the Hellespont, and on the shore of the Mediterranean sea. To the north of this, in the earliest ages, stood the famed city of Troy. After it had been for some ge-be two idols so called; or perhaps the nerations the head of a noted kingdom, sun and moon, or these with the stars; it was, after a siege of ten years, ta- or it may mean, that the Jews, in ken by the Greeks of Europe. This their wars with the Chaldeans, dependoccasioned the dispersion of the Tro-ed entirely on their good fortune and jans into a variety of places, and many nations affected to be reckoned their offspring. It seems, too, that storms dispersed the returning Greeks into a variety of the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean sea. It is generally believed, that this Troy was destroy-ence, and they accomplish his end, ed about 1184 years before Christ's birth; but we, with Sir Isaac Newton, suppose it to have happened about 280 years later, in the time of Jehoshaphat, which will tally well with Æneas' be- TRUCE; agreement, particularly ing the contemporary of Dido the such as warring states make for at founder or rather the adorner of Car- least delaying the prosecution of the thage, and will correspond with the war for a time. Truce-breakers, are flight of Cadmus for fear of David's such as break through their engagearms, and with the wide spread rava-nents, and who, being once offended, ges of Shishak. A new Troy was soon can scarce ever be reconciled, 2 Tim. after built, about four miles nearer theiii. 3.

Hab. iii. 16. Job xix. 12. Amos ix. 6.
TROUBLE. See DISTRESS.
TROW; an old word for think,
Luke xvii. 9.

shore, and but one from the sea. This, TRUE; (1) Real: so God is the in the time of Alexander, had dwin-only true God; he alone is possessed dled into a sorry village, with nothing of infuite perfection. (2.) Not false; remarkable save an old temple of Mi- faithful; candid; God is true, and nerva. By his order, Lysimachus his every man is a liar; God cannot be general repaired it, and surrounded it guilty of any deceit or falsehood, and with a wall of five miles in circumfer-every one that contradicts him will be ence. The Romans afterwards enter-found a liar, Rom. iii. 4. Joseph's

brethren were true men, who did not || important in sacred history, law, or seek to deceive, Gen. xlii. 11. A gospel, John xiv. 6. The truth is in true heart, is one that has real grace, Jesus; it centres in him, and is realand is upright and candid, Heb. x. 22. ly, and without any false gloss, repre(3.) Most excellent: so Christ is true sented in his person, office, and work, bread, John vi. 32; the true vine, John Eph. iv. 21. To do truth, is with inxv. 1; the true light, John i. 9. God's ward candour and sincerity, to proword is TRUE, and the truth; is fess and practise what God's word diquite consistent with the things of rects, John iii. 21. To hold the truth which it speaks, and one part of it in unrighteousness, is, through the prewith another; nor shall any promise, valent power of sinful lusts, to act threatening, or prediction thereof, be contrary to the truth of God's word, left unaccomplished, Ps. cxix. His manifested to, and in some degree imjudgments are true, as in them he ful-pressed on the conscience, Rom. i. 18. fils his word, shews his candour, and manifests his faithfulness, Rev. xvi. 7. And TRULY, of a truth, or in truth, is, (1.) Really and sincerely; without deceit, Luke xx. 21. (2.) Verily; without fail, Matth. xvii. 11. Jer. iii. 23.|| TRUTH, OF VERITY, is, (1.) What is opposite to falsehood and error: in this sense, the law and gospel of God are the truth, Ps. cxix. 151. Gal. iii. 1. (2.) What is real and substantial, opposed to what is shadowy and typical: thus, TRUTH comes by Jesus Christ, i. e. the glorious realities shadowed forth by the types, are fulfilled in his incarnation, righteousness, intercession, and government, Johni. 17. (3.) Candid sincerity, in opposition to dissimulation, John iv. 24. (4.) Faithfulness or veracity, in fulfilling what one is bound to, by word, engagement, or relation, Ps. xxxi. 5. God's truth, is his candour and faithfulness, Ps. Ixxi. 22; or his revealed will, in which, in a way of obedience to it, his people do walk, Psal. xxvi. 3. His works are verity and judgment; are precisely a fulfilment of his word, and of his relations to men, and are all performed in infinite wisdom, Psal. cxi. 7. He cuts off men in his truth, when he does it in fulfiling his predictions, and his promises or threatenings, Ps. liv. 5. Jesus Christ is the TRUTH; he comprehends in himself all real excellencies; he is full of unfailing candour and faithfulness to God and men; he is the substance of all the ancient types; he is the substance or centre of every thing

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TRUMP, or TRUMPET, a hollow instrument of silver, brass, horn, or the like, for sounding with the breath, in order to convene assemblies, and encourage to war, Jer. iv. 5. By the direction of God, Moses made two silver trumpets, wherewith the priests were to call together the Hebrews to their solemn assemblies, and to direct their marches, or encourage them to war. When the whole congregation was required to assemble, the sound was to be simple and uniform: when only the princes were required to meet with Moses, the sound was shrill. A long and quivering sound directed these on the east side of the tabernacle to decamp and march a second sound of the same airs directed these on the south side to do the same: at a third sound, these on the west side marched; and at a fourth, these on the north. The priests blew with these trumpets over the burning sacrifices, especially at the solemn festivals; and on the FEAST of trumpets, they blew from morning to night, Nunb. x. Lev. xxv. 9, 10. It seems Solomon made 120 silver trumpets instead of these two, 2 Chron. v. 12. With trumpets of rams-horns the priests sounded around Jericho, till its walls fell down flat; and with such it seems, the jubilee was proclaimed, Josh. vi. 4. Did not these trumpets prefigure the gospel, which published by ministers, calls men to Jesus Christ and his ordinances, and encourages them in their heavenly journey and spi

TRUST; (1.) To be persuaded, to hope well, Heb. xiii. 18. Luke xxiv. 21. (2.) To depend on without fear, Isa. xxvi. 3. To trust in the Lord, is firmly to expect that he will do for us in time and eternity whatever corresponds to his word, his perfections, and relations, and so in quietness to wait for the event, Psal. Ixii. 8. To trust in men lawfully, is firmly to expect that they, assisted of God, will do to and for us according to their promises and relations to us, Prov. xxxi. 11.

ritual warfare? Whatever tends to alarm or assemble men, is called a trumpet, as the noisy thunders that called and alarmed the Hebrews to hear God's law at Sinai, Exod. xx. 18. or the majestic and awful means whereby God will raise the dead, and call mankind to his tribunal at the last day, 1 Cor. xv. 52. 1 Thess. iv. 16; or the alarming declarations of God's prophets and ministers, warning their hearers of the judgments of God, and to flee from their sins, Hos. viii. 1. Isa. viii. 1. Ezek. xxxiii. 3, 6. The great trumpet that convened the outcasts of Egypt and Assyria, to worship the Lord at Jerusalem, is either the edict of Cyrus that proclaimed to the Jews their allowance to return home, and rebuild the temple of their God; or the gospel, by the publish-related to the church of Christ: and we ing of which, multitudes are convert- cannot, consistently with the connexion of ed to the Christian faith, Isa. xxvii. 13. the members of this verse, understand the The gospel-church, being settled un-allegorically represented in the rest of the things that were to be afterward, or that are der the apocalyptic SEALS, or scenes book, as relating to any other subject.— of providence, the alarming judg-Hence though we may allow that several ments which afterward befell her, are represented by the sounding of seven trumpets, the first six of which reach from A. D.338, to about 1866 or 2016, Rev. viii. and ix; and the seventh to the end of the world.*

are, and the things which shall be hereafter. Now there is no doubt, that the things which the apostle John had seen, and which book was written, the things, namely, rewere taking place at the time when this presented in the ist id and iiid chapters,

things relating to the state of civil society are occasionally supposed or alluded to in this book, yet we cannot allow that such things are the subject of a principal part of the book, as they would be, if they were the subject of the trumpets.

2. The general representations, that are given in this book, of the period of the first six trumpets are evidently representations of a declining state of the church. In chap. The object of the judgments belong. v. 1, 3. the series of judgments denoted ing to the first five trumpets is called the by these trumpets is expressed by the earth, the rivers and fountains of waters, blowing of noxious winds on the earth, the the light of the sun, and the air. What sea and the trees: which may be understood seems to be meant by the earth and these of the seducing influence of corrupt docappendages of it is the visible church, in-trine, which is set forth under the notion of cluding those things which are necessary wind in Eph. iv. 14. and by which earthly to constitute her visible form and to pro- minded, unstable and vain professors are mote the spiritual weltare of her members, usually carried away. God's suffering ernamely, her doctrine, worship, discipline ror in doctrine to prevail, is a very heavy and government. The judgments here de-spiritual judgment on the visible church. scribed are, therefore, not temporal judg. The same period is characterised by the ments on the civil state; but rather spiritual Gentiles possessing the outer court, and judgments on the church. This appears to be treading under foot the holy city forty and confirmed by the following considerations. two months, Rev. xi. 2. By two witnesses 1. The scope of this book is to represent prophesying clothed in sackcloth, during the the state of the church, and not that of the same time; v. 3 and also by a woman, kingdoms of this world. We are not left clothed with the sun and the moon under to follow our imagination in this matter. her feet, and having on her head a crown of The subject of this book is distinctly pro- || twelve stars, flecing into the wilderness posed in chap. i. ver. 19. Write the things || from the face of the serpent, and rem....inwhich thou hast seen, and the things whiching there for the space of time just now

TRUTH. See TRUE.

To trust in men sinfully, is to depend upon their friendship and help, instead TRY, to examine, prove; to search of God's, Jer. xvii. 5. Isa. xxx. 3. carefully into the nature, quality, and TRUSTY persons are such as we may sufficiency of persons and things. The depend on for sure information, good allusion is to the trial of metal, wheadvice and exact fulfilment of en-ther it be good or not, Psal. xii. 6. gagements, Job xii. 20. God tries and examines men, not by `

mentioned. Chap. xii. 6, 14. It is supposed, that it will hardly be denied, that the passages now referred to, treat of the Christian church; and of her condition in the period of the first six trumpets.

Christ; which broke out suddenly after the silence of half an hour, that is, after the short calm which the church enjoyed in the beginning of Constantine's reign. It came upon the church with impetuosity and violence like hail; and was attended

3. True believers, or the faithful servants of God, were to be sealed, chap. vii.with fierce contention and bloody persecu3. or marked for preservation from the judgments peculiar to this period. But the|| preservation which is the privilege of true believers is not preservation from the external calamities of the civil state where their lot is ordered; but from the spiritual soul-destroying judgments that come upon the visible church.

tion in the reigns of the successors of Constantine. This judginent is said to be upon the earth, the visible church in its foundation; for the Arian heresy subverted the foundation of the Christian church, and the defection was so general, that it was said, The world is become Arian. The third part of the trees and every green herb were burnt up; that is, a great part of the pastors and other church-members, eminent for gifts, being infected with gross heresies, became barren and of no spiritual use to the people of God.

4. The enormous degree of Antichristian usurpation and corruption under the fifth trumpet was properly, the effect of the evils which took place under the four preceding trumpets; which evils must, therefore, have been such as had a native tendency to In the account of the second trumpet, bring Antichrist to his height. But it can- a great mountain burning with fire is said not be said of the calamities that were to be cast into the sea; by which may be unbrought upon the Roman empire by the derstood an exorbitant and contentious dowars of various competitors for the govern- minion which Christ never appointed; ment, or by the irruptions of the Goths and namely, that of bishops and metropolitans Vandals, that they, in themselves, had set over the other bishops or pastors of such a tendency. A revolution in the state the church. The church discipline and might, no doubt, be favourable to the am-government, into which this dominion was bitious views of some ecclesiastical digni- introduced, may be called the a sea; because taries. But it must have been something therein the external affairs of the church else that could induce the whole body of are carried on, as trade in the sea. By this the visible church, excepting a small rem-corruption the third part of the sea became nant whom God had sealed for special pre-blood; that is, the government of the servation, to forsake what the Lord Christ church became, in a great measure, a cruel had appointed them to hold as the doctrine, spiritual tyranny, tending to the destrucworship, discipline and government of his tion, instead of the edification of souls. church, and adopt a system so contrary The rivers and fountains mentioned in thereto as that of Popery. This great de- the account of the third trumpet, may be gree of apostacy under the fifth trumpet understood of the doctrines of the gospel, is, therefore, much better accounted for Isa. xii. 3. Ezek. xlvii. 1. which are sweet by those interpreters, who consider the and refreshing to believers; necessary to emblems in the description of the four pre-the spiritual, as pure water to the bodily ceding trumpets as representing the pro-life. These waters of the sanctuary begress of error, superstition and usurpation in the visible church, than by those who understand them of the calamities upon the Roman empire before mentioned.

In the account of the first trumpet, the hail and fire mingled with blood may be understood of the Arian heresy or the deial of the true Divinity of our Lord Jesus

came wormwood; they were greatly corrupted in the 5th century by the heresies of Pelagius, Nestorius, Eutyches and others. Many think that the figurative expression, a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, has a particular reference to Pelagius who appeared in the beginning of the fifth century. He was regarded as a