xii. 10. and x. 12. Isa. xlv. 24.

SANHEDRIM, or SENATE; the chief council of the Jewish nation, Acts v. 21. It is said to have con

Matth. iii. 15. and v. 17, 18. Zech.ed away, yet God has made it the boundary of the raging sea, Jer. v. 22. SANCTUARY; a holy or sanc- SANDALS, at first, were only tified place, as, (1.) The Holy of ho- soles fastened on the feet with strings lies, where the ark and its appurte- or thongs; afterwards they were conances, and the cloud representing vered; and finally, shoes were callthe divine glory, stood, Lev. iv. 6;ed by this name, Mark vi. 9. Acts or the furniture of this holy place, xii. 8. Numb. x. 21. (2.) The apartment. where the golden candlestick, table of shew-bread, altar of incense, &c. stood, 2 Chron. xxvi. 18. (3.) Thesisted of 70 or 72 judges, and to have whole tabernacle or temple, Josh. taken its rise from the instalment of xxiv. 26. 2 Chron. xx. 8. It is called the 70 elders assistant to Moses, the sanctuary of strength, because it Numb. xi; and to have continued was a strong place, and easily fortified, till Christ, and a long time after; and and it belonged to God the strength to have sat in the form of an half of Israel, Dan. xi. 31; a worldly moon, at the tabernacle or temple, sanctuary, as it was of a carnal, earth-when they existed. But as we find ly and typical nature, Heb. xi. 1. no vestiges of this court in the Old Nay, the sacred courts are sometimes Testament, we can hardly believe it included, and called the sanctuary, existed till some time after the capti Lev. xii. 4. (4.) Any place appoint-vity, perhaps in the days of the Maced for the public worship of God, cabees. Whatever power Herod Psal. Ixxiii. 17. (5.) Canaan, which took from them, to punish their inwas an holy land, where God's peo-tended condemnation of him, it is ple dwelt, where his tabernacle and certain this court afterward existed, temple were fixed, and his favours and Christ and his apostles, and Steand peculiar presence enjoyed, Exod. phen the deacon, were sisted before xv. 17. (6.) Heaven, where God and them, and the former condemned, his holy angels and saints for ever John xi. 47. Matth. xxvii. 1. Acts iv. dwell, Psal. cii. 19. Heb. viii. 2. (7.) and v. and vi; but at that time they The temples of idols are called sanc-had no power of life and death, Joha tuaries, Isa. xvi. 12. Amos vii. 9. xviii. 31. Multitudes of things con(8.) In aliusion to the Jewish sanctu-cerning this court are told us by some ary, whose brasen altar protected pet-writers; but as they are warranted ty criminals, a place of refuge and by no proper voucher, we dismiss shelter is called a sanctuary, Isa. viii. them as unworthy of our regard.* 14. Ezek. xi. 16. See JUDGES.

Besides the great Sanhedrim, or council of the Jews which is said to have consisted of 71 or 72 persons, six out of each

SAND. As its particles are innumerabie, great multitudes are likened to the sand of the sea, Gen. xxii. 17. and xxxii. 12. As sand is heavy, Job's grief is said to be heavier, Job vi. 3; and a fool's wrath is hea-tribe, and to have assembled in an apartvier than the sand and gravel, it is ment of the temple of Jerusalem, in order to determine the most important affairs more insupportable, being without both of their church and state;-There cause, measure, or end, Prov. xxvii. were several inferior Sanhedrim. One was 3. As sand is a sinking and slippery the court of twenty three, which was estab foundation, false foundations of reli-lished in every city containing an hundred gion, or ill-grounded hopes of future and twenty inhabitants: it causisted of twenty three judges, and took cognizance happiness, are likened to it, Matth. of capital causes, except such as to be tried vii. 26. Though sand is easily wash-by the great Sanhedrim. Another of the

beautiful and valuable, and in lustre, hardness, and worth, second only to the diamond. It is of a pure blue colour, and the finest are of a deep azure. In the less fine, it varies into paleness, but of a lustre much supe

A variety of ancient states had also their senate or chief council, as the Athenians, Carthaginians, and Romans: but it could not make laws, or elect magistrates, without the concurrence of the people. The Roman senate had none directly under themrior to the crystal. The best sapto execute their orders, and so were obliged to direct their decrees to the consuls with an air of submission, and often the tribunes of the people stopt the execution of their mandates. The modern states of Venice, Genoa, Lucca, Lubeck, Holland, &c. have their senates; nor is our parliament much different.

phires come from Pegu in the EastIndies; nor are these of Bohemia and Silesia contemptible. The ancient sapphire was but a more beautiful kind of the Lazuli, or a half transparent stone of a deep blue, tinged with white, and spotted with stars of a golden colour. It was the second stone in the high-priest's breast-plate, and might represent the saints as pure and heavenly minded, Exod. xxviii. 18. It was the second inferior Sanhedrim consisted of three perfoundation of the New Jerusalem, sons, and was therefore called the coun- and might represent Christ as the cil of three. This was instituted in every untainted Lord from heaven, and his place where there were fewer than an hun-pure and heavenly truths, Rev. xxi. dred and twenty inhabitants, and deterrain 19. Isa. liv. 11. God's throne of aped common matters between man andiman.

SAPPHIRE, a transparent jewel, which, in its finest state, is extremely

Sanhedrim is derived from a Greek word,pearance to the Hebrews, was like unsynedrion, which significs a sitting together to sapphire, that is, was a sky of a or assembly of judges, as in Matth. xxvi. || bright blue azure colour, Exod. xxiv. 39. Acts v. 21. and other places. Some 10. The Jewish Nazarites were fotimes it is used for the place in which the council was usually held.

The

lished as sapphires; they looked fresh clean, and comely, Lam. iv. 7. The king of Tyre had his crown anl clothes set or hung thick with supphires, emeralds, and other precious stones, Ezek. xxviii. 13.

She

Our Saviour alludes to the three courts above mentioned in Matth. v. 22. The judgment seems to denote the punishment to which a criminal was sentenced by the council of three; the council, denotes a heavier punishment to which malefactors were condemned by the council of twenty three SARAH, SARAI, the wife of Aor by the chief Sanhedrim: The fire of Ge- BRAHAM, was probably the same as henna (or of the valley of the son of Hinnom) Iscah the daughter of Haran, Adenotes a still heavier punishment to which bram's brother, and the grand-daughmalefactors were sentenced by the chiefter of Terah but not by Abram's moSanhedrim in extraordinary cases. last is rendered hell-fire in our translation;ther, Gen. xx. 12. and xi. 29. but this is not to be understood, as if the perhaps began to be called Surai my two evils before-mentioned did not render mistress when she became the head persons guilty of them liable to hell-fre of a family, and was called Sarah the for the wages of every sin is death, eternal lady after Abraham was divinely sedeath and rash anger and reproachful cured that she should be the mother language against our brother imply heart murder. But what we are here taught is, of a multitude, Gen. xvii. Her beauthat malevolent words towards our neighty endangered her chastity in Egypt. bour, instead of being innocent, as the scribes and pharisees insinuated in their corrupt glosses on the sixth commandinent, exposes those who use them to punishment in hell; and some of these evil words are

:

so heinous, that they expose to the higher degrees of punishment there.

She advised Abraham to go in to Hagar, that she might have the promised seed by her means, and was punished with Hagar's contempt. This excited angry expostulation with Abraham, and hard usage of Ilagar.

SARAPH and JOASH, who had dominion, perhaps as David's deputies, in the country of Moab, were not Mahlon and Chilion the sons of Naomi, who were poor and distressed, noted Job of his substance and health, rulers, 1 Chron. iv. 21.