lamb, but for the Sabbath, and the feast of unleavened bread, which is also called the passover.* As the blood of ten lambs, or more, might be in one bason, it is easy to see how the blood of 10,000 or 20,000 such basons of blood might in one afternoon be sprinkled by so many priests. The Jews still observe a kind of passover, mingling most of the ancient rites with plenty of modern inventions.

PASTORS, or SHEPHERDS; such as watch over flocks of sheep, &c. directing them to their right pasture, affording them water, gathering them, when proper to their fold, and protecting them from hurt. It seems that their flocks often followed them, John x. 1. to 27. As of old, great men's wealth consisted chiefly in their flocks and herds, the office of feeding them was accounted very honourable. Abel, Abraham, Isaac, Ja

This observation is confirmed by the term, the herd, could only relate to the other following passage of Dr. Campbel on the sacrifices presented during the seven days Four Gospels. The doctor translates John which succeeded, and not to the signal xix. 14. Now it was the preparation of the commemorative sacrifice called, by way of paschal-sabbath. "The word paraskene," eminence, the passover, with which the says he, "in the New Testament, denotes festival was introduced; for as to it, it always, in my opinion, the day before the could be taken from the flock. Nor does Sabbath. My reasons for this opinion are the argument rest on this single passage. as follows: 1st, The explanation now gi. In 2 Chron. xxxv. 7, 8, 9. Bullocks (which ven, coincides exactly with the definition are there improperly rendered oxen) are which Mark gives of that word, chap. xv. mentioned as passover offerings, in the 42. It was the preparation, that is, the day same way with lambs and kids. Now, if before the Sabbath. 2dly, The word occurs the whole period, and the sacrifice offered six times in the New Testament; and, in therein were sometimes familiarly called all these places, confessedly means the the passover, it is extremely probable that sixth day of the week, answering to our the Sabbath of the passover week should, Friday, and consequently before the Jew-in the same way, be distinguished from ish Sabbath or Saturday. 3dly, The pre-other Sabbaths, especially as it appears to paration on the day before the Sabbath, of have been considered by them as a day peall things necessary, that they might be culiarly memorable. Thus, verse 31st, the under no temptation to violate the sabba- evangelist tells us, that that Sabbath, (he tical rest, was expressly commanded in the is speaking of the day after our Lord's law, Exod. xvi. 5, 23. There was nothing crucifixion) was a great day. I have, thereanalogous to this enjoined in preparation || fore, for the sake of perspicuity, rendered for the other feasts. But it may be object- the word pascha here, paschal-sabbath. ed that, in the passage under considera-This serves also to account for what we tion, the expression, the word is not the are told, chapter xviii. 28. that the Jews paschal-sabbath, but pascha, the passover. entered not the pretorium, lest they should To this it has been answered, and I think be defiled, and so not in a condition to eat justly, that the pascha was not always con- the passover. If we suppose, (and in this fined to the sacrifice of the lamb or the kid, supposition, there is surely nothing inconappointed to be on the fourteenth of the gruous) that the evangelist used the word month Nisan, at evening; but was often in the same latitude that Moses and the extended to the whole festival, which be-writer of the Chronicles did, in the pasgan with the paschal sacrifice, properly so sages above quoted, the whole difficulty called, and continued the seven days of un- vanishes. No more is meant by eating the leavened bread, which immediately follow-passover, than partaking in the sacrifices ed The whole time is called indifferently, offered during the days of unleavened sometimes the feast of the passover, some-bread, which the rabbies have since distimes the feast of unleavened bread. In tinguished by the name Aragiga. Others further confirmation of this, it has been observed, that other sacrifices offered, dur- || ing that period, were sometimes termed the passover. Deut. xvi. it is said, thou shalt sacrifice the passover unto the Lord thy God of the flock and the herd. Now the last

||

have attempted to remove these difEculties by supposing, that our Lord anticipated the legal time, that he might have an opportunity of eating the passover before his death; a thing extremely improbable in every view. It does not suit the cir

cob, Moses, David, nay the youngments subject to him,* Heb. xili. 20. ladies, as the daughters of Laban and 1 Pet. v. 4. He is the Good ShepJethro, employed themselves there- herd; in infinite kindness he redeemin; and why shepherds were held as ed his sheep from ruin, by the price an ABOMINATION to the Egyptians, of his blood; kindly he sympathises we have already hinted.-God and with them, and gives them his own Christ are called a Shepherd; with flesh and blood for their provision; what tender care did he lead, provide and nothing good will he with-hold for, protect, and govern the Hebrews, from them, John x. 14. He is the in the desert, and in Canaan! With Shepherd and bishop of souls; it is what tender care he gathers, governs, men's souls he leads, restores, and protects, heals, and provides for the satiates; and their spiritual and eterwelfare of his church and people!nal interests are the great object of 'Gen. xlix. 21. Psal. lxxx. 1. and xxiii. his care, 1 Pet. ii. 25. Psal. xxiii. 2, 3. 1. Is. xl. 11. Christ is God's Shep-Jer. xxxi. 27.-Ministers are shepherd, because his Father hath given herds; it is their work to gather, him his flock of chosen-men, and ap-lead, watch over, feed with sound docpointed him to die for, call, and feed trine, and every way endeavour to them, Zech. xiii.7. He is called the One promote the spiritual life, safety, Shepherd, because he alone owns the growth, health, and comfort of their sheep; and can in every respect, people, Jer. xvii. 6. Eph. iv. 11. 1 answer and supply all their wants, Pet. v. 1, to 4. The pastoral or Ezek. xxxiv. 23. John x. 16. He is called the Great and Chief Shepherd ; he is infinitely great in himself; he is highly exalted as our Mediator; he has the supreme manageinent of the church in his hand; and ministers and magistrates are but instru

cumstances of the story, as related by Matthew, Mark and Luke, (or as to this John is silent,) who all speak of it just as men would speak of a festival, celebrated at the known and stated time, and in the usual manner, and not as in a way singular and irregular. Further, there is no omission of duty in not celebrating an anniversary which one does not live to see; but in anticipating the time, there would have been a real transgression of the commandment, which expressly confined the observance to the fourteenth day of the month, permitting no change of the day, except in a particular case of uncleanness, which is not pretended to have taken place here; and in which case the choice of another

day is not left open, but the time is fixed to the fourteenth of the ensuing month Add to this, that, in such an anticipation of the sacrifice, the concurrence of some of the priesthood would have been necessary, (see 2 Chron. xxx. 15, 16. xxxv. 11.)

which we have reason to think, could not have been obtained."

both instruments subject to Christ, it is Though ministers and magistrates are necessary to distinguish between them, The office of the civil magistrate is instituted by God as the Creator and moral Gov.

ernor of the world; and the institution of it is known by the light of nature, Rom. xiii. 1: 1 Pet. ii. 13. but the office of gospel ministers instituted by Jesus Christ his church; and the institution of it is no as Mediator, the only King and Head of otherwise known than by Divine revela

tion, which we have in the scriptures of the Old and New Testament, Ephes. iv. 8, 11, 12. The immediate end of magistracy is the temporal good of men as memof the gospel ministry is the spiritual good bers of civil society. The immediate end of men as members of the church of Christ. Magistracy, therefore, is subject to Christ in respect of its being, or institution, (which or he is versant about it as Mediator, not is indeed derived from him as he is the of the world, with the Father ;) but in same God, Creator and moral Governour respect of its subserviency to the good of his body the church. Whereas the gospelnot only in respect of subserviency to the ministry is subject to Christ as Mediator, good of the church; but in respect of its being and institution, and as it is an ordinance of his church having spiritual good or the salvation of souls for its proper and immediate end.

to testify repentance towards God, and faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ, keeping back no part of the counsel of God, no profitable instruction, reproof, encouragement,and not moved with any reproach, persecution, hunger, or nakedness, but ready not only to be bound, but to die for the name of Jesus, in order to finish their course with joy :—They must labour with much fear and trembling, determined to know, to glory in, and make known nothing but Jesus Christ, and him crucified;—preaching the gospel, not with enticing words of man's wisdom, as menpleasers, but with great plainness of speech, in demonstration of the Spirit, and with power; speaking the things freely given them by God, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but in words which the Holy Ghost teacheth,-comparing spiritual things with spiritual, as having the mind of Christ;-always triumphing in HIM CHRIST, and making manifest the savour of his knowledge in every

ministerial office and work is described in scripture as inexpressibly important and solemn. It is at men's infinite hazard if they rush into it without being regenerated in the whole man after the image of God, the old things passed away, and all things become new ;-without having the Spirit of God dwelling in their heart, to shew them the things of Christ, and enable them to know, win, rejoice in him, and worship God in spirit and in truth, having no confidence in the flesh;-to make them experimentally know and believe what they declare to others;-and to render them apt to teach; capable to unfold and apply the mysteries of the gospel in a plain and conscience-affecting manner, Gal. i. 15, 16. 2 Cor. v. 17. John xiv. 16, 17, 26. and xv. 26, 27. and xvi. 13, 14, 15. and xx. 22. Phil. iii. 3, 7-14. 1 Cor. ii. 1016.2 Cor. iv. 14. 1 John i. 3. They must have a real call and mission from Jesus Christ to their work, otherwise they cannot expect to have any true success therein, Jer. xxiii.place, that they may be to God a sweet 21, 22, 52. Is. vi. 8, 9. and xlix. 1, 2. Jer. i. Ezek. ii. iii. xxxiii. Mat. x. Luke x. John x. Acts i. and xxvi. 17, 18. Rom. x. 15. Heb. v. 4. Their ends ought to be single and disinterested, not seeking great things to themselves; coveting no man's silver, gold, or apparel, but seeking to gain men to Christ, and salvation through him ;—not looking or aiming at their own ease, profit, or honour, but at the things of Christ and his people; not seeking glory of men, but the honour of Christ and his Father, in the eternal salvation of souls, Jer. xlv. 5. 1 Sam. xii. 3. Acts xx. 33. 1 Cor. ix. 12, 16. 2 Cor. vii. 2. and xi. 9. and xii. 13, 14. Phil. ii. 21. 2 Cor. vi. 4 10. 1 Thess. ii. 4 to 9. John vii. 18. As ambassadors for Christ-as stewards of the mysteries and manifold grace of God, it is required of them to be faithful;-to serve the Lord with their spirit, and with much humility in the gospel of his Son;

savour of Christ in them that are saved, and in them that perish ;—as of sincerity, as of God in the sight of God speaking in Christ, and through the mercy of God not fainting, but renouncing the hidden things of dishonesty ;-not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully, but manifesting the truth to every man's conscience in the sight of God ;-not preaching themselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord, and themselves servants to the church, for his sake,

alway bearing about his dying, that his life may be manifested in them.-Knowing the terror of the Lord, and deeply impressed with the account that themselves and hearers shall give to him in the day of judgment, awed with his authority, and constrained by his love, they must persuade men, making themselves manifest to God and to their conscience; must change their voice, and turn themselves every way, and become all things to and

for all men, in order to bring them to || lusts, and following after righteousChrist-jealous over them with a ness, peace, faith, charity ;-not strivgodly jealousy, in order to espouse ing, but being gentle unto all men ;— them to him as chaste virgins ;-tra- in meekness instructing them that vailing in birth, till he be formed in oppose themselves ;-avoiding fooltheir hearts, they must take heed to ish and unlearned questions ;-fleetheir ministry, which they have re-ing from perverse disputings, and ceived in the Lord, that they may ful- worldly mindedness, as most dangerfil it giving themselves wholly to ous snares, and following after righreading, exhortation, and doctrine ;- teousness, godliness, faith, love, patitaking heed to themselves, and to ence, meekness ;-fighting the good what they preach, that they may save fight of faith, and laying hold on eterthemselves and their hearers; watch-nal life ;-keeping their trust of gosing for their souls, as expecting to pel-truth and office, and without pargive an account for them ;-rightly tiality, &c. or precipitancy, commitdividing the word of truth, and giving ting the same to faithful men, who every man his portion in due season; may be able to teach others;—and in -faithfully warning every man, and fine, to try and confute false teachers, teaching every man, and labouring to rebuke before all such as sin openly,--present every man perfect in Christ restore such as have been overtaken Jesus;—and warning not after the in a fault, in the spirit of meekness; flesh, nor with carnal weapons, but with such as are mighty through God, to the pulling down of strong holds, and casting down imaginations, as subduing every thought and affection to the obedience of Christ. Having him for the end of their conversation, and holding fast the form of sound words, in faith in, and love to him, they must go forth without the camp bearing his reproach, and exposed as spectacles of sufferings to angels and men, feed the flock of God purchased with his blood, over which the Holy Ghost hath made them overseers ;preaching sound doctrine in faith and verity preaching the word in season, and out of season ;-reproving, rebuking, and exhorting, with all long suffering and doctrine-taking the oversight of their people, not by constraint, but willingly, not for filthy lucre, worldly gain, but of a ready. to iii. Heb. xiii. 7, 17. 1 Pet. iv. 10, mind and not entangling themselves with the affairs of this life, neither as being lords over God's heritage, but as examples to the flock ;-exercised unto godliness, kindly affectioned, disinterested, holy, just, and unblameable-prudent examples of the believers in conversation, in charity, in faith and purity;-fleeing youthful

and, having compassion on them, to pull them out of the fire, hating the garment spotted by the flesh, and never conniving at, or partaking with any in their sins. Alas! how few of the clerical order are answerable to this scriptural description of their character and work! Ezek. ii. 7. and iii. 9, 17 to 21. and xxxiii. 7 to 9. Is. Iviii. 1. Jer. i. 17, 18. and xv. 19, 20. Mic. iii. 8. Mal. ii. 6, 7. Mat. x. 16, to 39. and xix. 28, 29. and xx. 25, to 28. and xxiii. 3, to 12. and xxiv. 42, to 51. and xxviii. 18, to 20. Acts xviii. and xx. 18, to 35. and xxiv. 16. and xxvi. 16, to 23. 1 Cor. ii. to iv. v. ix. xii. xiii. xiv. 2 Cor. ii. to vi. x. to xiii. Rom. i. 9, 16. and ix. 12. and x. 1. and xii. xv. Gal. i. 8, to 16. and iv. 19. Eph. iii. 7, 8, 9. and iv. 11, to 15. Col. iv. 7, 17. 1 Thess. ii. iii. 1 Tim. iii. to vi. 2 Tim. ii. iii. vi. Tit.

11. and v. 1, to 4. Rev. ii. iii. and xi. 3, to 7. and xiv. 6, to 11.

Political rulers in the state, and captains in the army, are called pastors, or shepherds; their office requires them to gather, lead, protect, and provide for the welfare of their subjects and armies, which are their flocks; but how often do they act the

PATARA; a sea-port of Lycia. Here was a famous temple of Apollo, where oracles, equal in repute to these of Delphos, were given for six months of the year. Paul touched here in his way from Macedonia to Jerusalem: but we hear nothing of Christianity settled till the 4th century, and it continued till the 9th, when the Saracens wasted the country, Acts xxi. 1.

PATH. See WAY.

PATHROS; a city or canton of Egypt. Some will have it to be the Phaturis of Ptolemy and Pliny. Weils makes it a city in Upper Egypt, on the west of the Nile. Some will have it the Thebais in upper Egypt. It no doubt had its name from Pathrusim, the 5th son of Mizraim, who built or peopled it, Gen. x. 14.When I consider that the Jews under Johanan the son of Kareah fled hither from Judea, and that the deso

contrary! Is. xliv. 28. and lxiii. 14. Jer. xii. 10. and xxv. 34. Nah. iii. 18. Jer. xxiii. Ezek. xxxiv. Perhaps the shepherd and stone of Israel, signifies not God, the source of all blessings, but Joshua, Gideon, and other rulers of Israel, sprung of the tribes of Ephraim, or Manasseh, who, as shepherds, ruled, and, as a stone, established the Hebrew nation, Gen. xlix. 24. The Chaldean princes, and their armies, were the shepherds and flocks that ruined Judah, Jer. vi. 3. and xii. 10. Calmet thinks, the seven shepherds, and eight principal men,|| raised up to waste the land of Assyria, and Nimrod, to be Darius and Hystaspis, and his fellows, who cut off the Magi from the Persian throne: but we rather understand them of the eight inspired writers, and other seven apostles of Christ under the New Testament, by whom God marvellously brought down the kingdom of Satan in the world, Mic. v. 5, 6.-lation of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar God's cutting off three shepherds in one and Cambyses began with Pathros, month, may denote his frequent dis- Jer. xliv. 1, 15. Ezek. xxix. 14. and placing from their station the Jewish xxx. 14. I am strongly inclined to rulers of church and state, for a con- think it was somewhere about the siderable time before the last destruc- north-east of Egypt. From Pathros, tion of Jerusalem, Zech. xi. 8. God will recall the Jews to their own foolish shepherd, or idle shepherd, set|| land; and has, or will, gather many over the Jews, may denote either the to the gospel-church, Is. xi. 11. Romans, who outrageously oppres- PATIENCE, or LONG-SUFFERsed them, or the heads of their vari-ING. God's patience, is his bearing ous parties at the ruin of their city; long with offenders, without punishor Barcocaba, and other false Mes-ing them, Rom. ii. 4. Matth. xviii. siahs, who have occasioned so much 26, 29. The patience of the saints, is ruin to their nation, Zech. xi. 15, 16, 17. that grace whereby they meekly enPASTURE; a place for feeding dure injuries, and with a continued of flocks, 1 Chron. iv. 40. Job xxxix. calmness of temper, and submission 8. When men are likened to flocks, of spirit to the will of God, bear afflicor herds, their country, or what they tions, and humbly wait for the accomenjoy in it, is called their pasture, plishment of his promises, Rom. v. Hos. xiii. 6. When saints are liken- 3. and viii. 25. It is called the patied to flocks, the church, their new-co- ence of Jesus Christ, as he exemplivenant state, the ordinances, and word files it, and bestows it: it is exercised of God, and the blessings thereby in the way of waiting, and honouring conveyed, are their good, green, fresh, him, and in a patient waiting for his and flourishing pasture, Psal. lxxiv. coming in the power of his Spirit, 1. and xxiii. 2. Ezek. xxxiv. 14. and to judge the world, 2 Thess. iii. 4. Rev. i. 9; and the word of his patience, are these truths which are op

The

PATE; the crown of the head, Psal. vii. 16.