punishment for crime, and detains until the sovereign's pleasure decrees otherwise.

We perceive at once how deeply important to the other learned moralists is the science of the physician, in the matter of crime. His efforts are often essential--indispensable, indeed, in preparing the cerebral soil for the husbandry of the divine: and how constantly his experience is demanded in the court to enlighten the bar-ay, even the bench-with the light of pathology, when they would be else in dilemma as to the sanity and responsibility, or the madness and irresponsibility of an arraigned prisoner. If then the sages of the three learned professions would but join hands on the debatable ground of psychology, by such a union, we are certain, a world of blessing would be conferred on mankind. But the divine has been long wont to regard as his especial province, rather the remote causes; while the recognition of the exciting causes or motives of crime, seems to be the especial subject of the judgment-seat. Thus the third, or proximate cause, is completely overlooked. We hope-nay, freely acknowledge-that the pulpit has its multiform blessings; it may even dispossess many an evil spirit, and the law may exalt its penal tortures to frighten the mammon or the Moloch out of man's heart; but how, if the evil spirit of disease be there, will not that be a stumbling-block in their way? In such dilemma, they must come to the physician, to eradicate first the real poison from man's blood, or they may continue to preach or threaten in vain. We believe that such a blending of forces, if wisely effected, might even lighten the heavy weight of the Newgate Calendar, and prove a court of ease to the Old Bailey.

In treating this comprehensive work psychologically, we hope to go still further, and to show that, by ensuring a corpus sanum, we have the best chance of forming, by education and other trainings, a mens sana; and if these happy elements are in us, and abound, there will be even less dropping of black caps on judicial wigs, and far less of degrading iniquity in the common room of Newgate; and, what to the purse-bearer is of little less weight, a wondrous diminution of the county-rate.

We do not read, however, even the title-page of our author, whose office offered him the very widest field of observation, without noticing how nosologically he has arranged his subject: "amount," "causes," "remedy," are but more legal, or more popular, terms for pathology, etiology, and treatment,-and if we analyze further, we see, in truth, that the elements of every chapter are, probably without the consciousness of the author, psychological. The prevention of crime refers as much to the inculcation of good precepts and the withdrawal from bad example, as to the influence of bolts, bars, and scourges. Now, it

would indicate very little influence on the mind, either by a precept or a fetter, were the amount of crime to remain in statu quo; yet the letter of Mr. Dufton to Lord John Russell, written ten years ago on this point, is not very flattering. If we go still further back, personal insecurity, in the dawn of the last century, or in 1781, when Horace Walpole wrote his amusing stories to the Countess of Ossory, or even in the early youth-time of persons now living, was proverbial. We must, at least, acknowledge that we can now ride and walk in comparative safety.

But this comparative state of social security is not, we fear, so much owing to the moral culture of the universal mind (Robert Owen's parallelograms are not yet established), as to the difficulty of perpetration, in consequence of the improvement in our police. The Bowstreet runners may have been active and cunning bull-dogs of the law, but the watchmen were a mere phalanx of old women out of petticoats; and even the mounted dragoon often failed to subdue a riot by the caltrops that were strewn along the road.

Even in the late threatened outbreak in the manufacturing districts, such destructive instruments were extensively forged-of these we saw specimens. Therefore, with bad roads, and a woful deficiency of lamps and defenders, we wonder not at the criminal triumphs of Abershaw, Barrington, and Turpin.

The isolated cruelties of the present day prove a latent malevolence still brooding in dens and alleys-witness the sudden ebullition and onslaught of the red republicans of Gaul, that only await the breath of rebellion to light it again to a flame. We ardently hope, nay, confidently believe, this breath will not readily be excited, notwithstanding the bad feeling engendered in the heart by a portion of the current literature of the day.

True, we hear little now of marauders, freebooters, and caterans: a freer intercourse and open roads, and even the footways of the tourist, have revealed passes and fastnesses in Scotland and Cumberland, once only known to the Roys of former days.

But there is one paramount psychical force that is now by steam and post working its gigantic blessings on the world. Facility of intercourse is daily amalgamating the national, the universal mind, and fraternizing the beings of our earth; and doubtless those rulers, who would even now have been guilty of the heinous crime of lawless invasion, have learned, or been impelled by this facility, so to know and to esteem their neighbours, that they have at once sheathed the sword which would constantly have been drawn, and been wet with the blood of an enemy.

Now there is no doubt that bad training is one of the main pre

disposing causes of crime. "Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it," and "the child is father of the man," are sacred and profane truisms on every one's lips. The evidence of very careful observers, cited in Mr. Hill's third report, is most deplorable, and proves how much of degraded profligacy exists, both in those parents who, having debased themselves, and lost all selfrespect, daily neglect and destroy the minds of their offspring, and in those who, falling under the impulse of passion, have produced beings (the natural children of most unnatural parents) either to starve, or live by crime. We therefore coincide with our author that the parent might very fairly be made in a degree responsible for the crimes of his child while under age, just as he is for the contraction of a debt. The producing of a child that must commit a crime to live, is an infliction on society that demands the most condign punishment; for it must follow that the field of the mind not cultivated with healthful blossoms will run wild with weeds. A creature of reason that thinks and feels must, by the centrifugal force of that intellect, vent and direct it somewhere or to something; and it would indeed be almost a miracle if this instinctive being, fraught with impulses and passions homologous with those of the brute, should not indulge and feed them by every slavish mode, for indeed he scarce knows better-he is but a step above the beast of the field. But he has a soul to be saved or lost, and, indeed, lost he must be, if not protected; for, like Ishmael, every hand will be raised against him. Now we were almost about to write something like an absolution for these unhappy creatures. It is a delicate ground, we own, to tread on; and yet, taught as we are that where much is given much is required, may we not also hope that for those whose little of good is filched from them, mercy will temper justice in the final award. We scarce know a deeper object of sympathy than such a being as Mr. Barclay has so graphically described, in his pamphlet on "Juvenile Delinquency."

To ensure a happy result-to obviate crime-the culture must be commenced at the dawn of its development by the mother, for, "just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined." We know there is a supreme delight in the little heart of a child who is early taught to read. We do not mean a wearing of the brain with a course of study. The rough hewing of the great model of mankind, Alfred, was begun by his mother, almost in his nursery; and it is a fine eulogy, even on his memory, to record that it was a psychical influence, a literary reward, that was his first stimulus to good.

In this way the blood is calmly directed to the tuition and development of the noblest organs-those of intellect--and not exclusively to the sensual. But we must yet economize, and even here ensure a due

supply of blood to the organs of assimilation, or we shall mar instead of make; and instead of sending rich and fertile blood to the intellect, it will be a poor and impoverished fluid. The success of Guggenbuhl will prove our position, who ever improves the health of structure in the cretin ere he essays the cultivation of the mind of low standard.

That even in Britain this course of psychical culture is not essentially costly, is shown in the reports of Sheriff Watson, of Aberdeen, Mr. Davies, and others.

We may observe, also, that the cheapness of the posting-rate will tend much to the improvement of the working classes, who are extremely proud of their faculty of correspondence by letter with their friends.

On the subject of "hereditary crime," as it is termed, to which our author draws attention, we must observe that this consists merely in a tendency or predisposition, just as in struma or gout the seeds or germs may be latent even for a life, if due care be observed to keep healthy the crasis of the blood. So, if the moral and intellectual organs be brought into due and healthful play, the hereditary tendency to crime may be readily controlled and thwarted. Psychical as well as physical actions may be equally illustrative of John Hunter's axiom.

Of course there are exceptions where there is permanent disorganization, or preponderance, or deficiency; these cases are of course irremediable, but they are rare. Phrenology may decide that there may thus be an entailment of a disposition to commit crime almost or completely irresistible.

But this monomaniacal disposition to commit crime is not merely hereditary, it is too constantly imparted, and this more especially in the paramount incentive, intoxication, that exhibits in some prisons, as, for instance, that of New York, a percentage over other causes of nearly four-fifths. In the case of Mobbs, executed in November last, drinking was the provocation, both in the murderer and his victim.

The confirmed drunkard is often (for a time) a furious madman-that is, during the stimulation of the alcohol: when that has subsided, he becomes the hypochondriac-the melancholy madman-and must repeat the vice, to lift him out of the slough of despair, which is insupportable. Thus the drinking monomania, like many other minor vices, grows by what it feeds on." It is a deep psychological subject, but we can here only hint that over-stimulation, by slow and stealthy degrees, wears out the sensibility of the brain and nervous system.

But it does not always require deep drinking to constitute a sinner of this class. The sensibility of the brain may in some be so hyperacute as to be excited to frenzy even by a small quantity of stimulant. The contrasted degrees of this sensibility are wonderful. We knew

two clergymen-one really amiable-so constituted, in whom two glasses of wine lighted up the brain so intensely, that the grossest expressions then fell from their lips. On the contrary, a stalwart and hard-working drayman has been known to swallow from ten to twelve pots of porter daily, without intoxication.

The state of the drunkard is a sad decadence of human nature: the alcoholic excitement may not only induce to crime, but it may render the mind and conscience perfectly callous and reckless, so as to destroy all shame, and fear of consequences. The thought of the drunkard is often a selfish and isolated elysium.

Poverty and drunkenness almost invariably go hand in hand. We learn in Mr. Hill's appendix, that many waste in drink 36s. out of their earnings of 40s., a very large portion, probably, of the sixty-five millions annually spent in Britain on alcoholic fluids.

We were gratified to learn from our author with what facility and impunity the slave of the gin-palace can break through his evil habit. We have the evidence of "an intelligent prisoner," in one of the reports, that "the craving for drink generally dies away in the course of eight or ten days." In the report for 1850, he quotes the affirmation of Mr. Fox, of Derby, that "in 27 years he never knew an injury to health by the sudden withdrawing of stimulating liquors." Of course he does not allude to the condition of delirium tremens.

That the minds of paupers are often willing to break this evil habit the author proves, by their voluntary application for admission to a prison, “to be cured of drinking."

We believe that the association of drunkenness with crime forms one of the most profound subjects for the consideration of the psychologist and legislator. (The question of the abolition of the gin-palace, and the injustice of quashing the vested interest of a landlord, is foreign to our present criticism.) If we assimilate, we were about to write identify, intoxication with insanity, the resolution of the question would go far to remove one of the dilemmas of the criminal court, or the lunatic commission. May we hazard this proposition. If slavish and continued drunkenness be indulged in, and murder be the consequence, the manslayer is, in a moral sense, equally criminal as if he were at the time sober. Paley, with his fine-spun sophistry, argues that a drunken murderer is responsible only for three-fourths of the guilt of a sober one!

Now it is clear that ere the delivery of a verdict on a drunken criminal, it should be inquired, did the murderer make his own madness by drink? The degree of homicide by a self-created drunkard cannot be far short of that of a sane or sober man; the crime, surely, cannot then be chance medley, or even manslaughter, but murder, and should be most severely punished. (We argue not here for or against the capital