other sentences to narrow the meaning of the words which they modify; as, Large men are wanted on the police force. Whenever the chief purpose of an adjective modifier is to narrow the meaning of the word which it modifies, we call it a limiting adjective modifier. A limiting adjective modifier is an adjective modifier whose chief purpose is to narrow the meaning of the word which it modifies; as, These men are natives. Brave men do not run away in battle. Give five examples of limiting adjective modifiers and five of descriptive. Point out two descriptive and two limiting adjective modifiers in the extract from Hawthorne's "My Visit to Niagara”, on page 68. 53. The Adverbial Modifier. In the sentence, The colonies grew rapidly, the word, rapidly, is an attributive modifier. It differs from the adjective modifier, however, in that it changes the meaning of the attributive word, grew. The attribute expressed by the modifier, rapidly, belongs to the attribute expressed by the word, grew. So that this modifier expresses an attribute of an attribute. Such an attributive modifier we call an adverbial modifier. This is not the only kind of a word to which an adverbial modifier can belong, however, as we shall see if we examine the sentence, The story is certainly a novel. Here the word, certainly, changes the meaning of the relational word, is. The attribute expressed by it belongs to the idea of relation expressed by the word, is. So that this word, certainly, expresses an attribute of an idea of relation. We call this an adverbial modifier also. An adverbial modifier is an attributive modifier which changes the meaning of an attributive word or of a relational word by expressing an attribute of an attribute or an attribute of an idea of relation; as, The boy soon returned. The story is perhaps a work of art. Write three examples of adverbial modifiers which belong to relational words and five which belong to attributive words. Find five examples of the adverbial modifier in White's "The 'Lunge,' on page 332. 54. Adverbial Ideas. We do not divide the adverbial modifier into classes, but we may easily see that they do not all express the same kind of idea. The most important adverbial ideas expressed by the adverbial modifier are as follows: 1. Time; as, My father came in the morning. 6. Negation; as, The story is not true. 7. Doubt; as, The picture is perhaps fine art. 10. Condition; as, The boy will come if you wish it. II. Cause; as, The flowers are withered because the sun is hot. 12. Reason; as, The flowers are withered for I saw them. 13. Manner; as, My friend walks rapidly. 14. Concession; as, Though you try, you will fail. 15. Extent; as, The horse ran to the end of the lane. 16. Direction; as, The doves flew eastward. 17. Accompaniment; as, The prisoner escaped with his companions. 18. Instrumentality; as, The farmer cultivated his corn with a hoe. 19. Exclusion; as, The man is kind except to his horse. 20. Source; as, The stream flows from the mountain. 21. Agency; as, The people were represented by these men. 22. Means; as, The bridge was built with the people's money. 23. Duration; as, Some must watch while others weep. Exercise 21 Point out all the attributive modifiers in the following sentences. Tell what kind of attributive modifiers they are and give your reasons. Give the adverbial idea expressed by each adverbial modifier: I. Meanwhile the firing continued on both sides, though the Spaniards were evidently weakening. 2. The child was good in school. 3. He comes, because he is entertained. 4. Still Gil stood by the port rail. 5. The apple is very sweet. 6. The shots frequently rattled above his head. 7. The boy seldom winced. 8. The stranger is charitable that he may receive praise. 9. The teacher is strict with his pupils. 10. The boy went with his mother. II. Gil went with the officers to headquarters. 12. The cistern has been filled from the spout. 13. He would not give up his secret even if they tortured him. 14. The guard house was unlocked with the big key. 15. It is probably true. 16. The story is certainly interesting and perhaps true. 17. He traded with an Indian. 18. He built the house with his own money. 19. The demonstration is necessarily true. 20. The ground is not wet. 21. Roosevelt is at this time president. 22. When the shadows of evening fall, the sunbeams fly away. 23. Make hay while the sun shines. 24. The buttercup comes early in the spring. 25. The party walked home. 26. The bird built her nest six inches above the door. 27. We stood upon the ragged rocks When the long day was nearly done. Chapter IX THE ORGANIC PARTS OF THE SENTENCE 55. How They are Made Up. We have already learned that the organic parts of the sentence are the subject, the predicate, and the copula. Since we now know different kinds of words and modifiers, we may understand how these organic parts are made up. In the sentence, Horses are animals, each part consists of a single word. In the sentence, The interesting story was certainly told in a pleasing way, each part consists of more than one word. We can see, however, that there is one principal word in each part and that the other words belong to or modify this principal word or some word belonging to it. For example, in this sentence, the word, story, is the principal part of the subject. It is modified by the word, the, a limiting adjective modifier; and by the word, interesting, a descriptive adjective modifier. The principal part of the predicate is the word, told. It is modified by the expression, in a pleasing way, an adverbial modifier, expressing the adverbial idea of manner. The principal part of this modifier is the word, way. It is modified |