Run the rapid and leap the fall,
Split at the rock and together again,
Accept my bed, or narrow or wide,
And flee from folly on every side
With a lover's pain to attain the plain
Far from the hills of Habersham,
Far from the valleys of Hall.

All down the hills of Habersham,
All through the valleys of Hall,
The rushes cried, Abide, abide,
The wilful waterweeds held me thrall,
The laving laurel turned my tide,

The ferns and the fondling grass said Stay,
The dewberry dipped for to work delay,
And the little reeds sighed, Abide, abide,
Here in the hills of Habersham,
Here in the valleys of Hall.

High o'er the hills of Habersham,
Veiling the valleys of Hall,

The hickory told me manifold

Fair tales of shade, the poplars tall

Wrought me her shadowy self to hold.

The chestnuts, the oak, the walnut, the pine,
Overleaning with flickering meaning and sign,
Said, Pass not, so cold, these manifold
Deep shades of the hills of Habersham,

These glades in the valleys of Hall.

And oft in the hills of Habersham,
And oft in the valleys of Hall,

The white quartz shone, and the smooth brook-stone
Did bar me of passage with friendly brawl,

And many a luminous jewel lone

-Crystals clear or a-cloud with mist,

Ruby, garnet and amethyst

Made lures with the lights of streaming stone
In the clefts of the hills of Habersham,

In the beds of the valleys of Hall.

But oh, not the hills of Habersham,
And oh, not the valleys of Hall
Avail: I am fain for to water the plain.

Downward the voices of Duty call

Downward, to toil and be mixed with the main,
The dry fields burn and the mills are to turn,
And a myriad flowers mortally yearn,

And the lordly main from beyond the plain,
Calls o'er the hills of Habersham,
Calls through the valleys of Hall.

-Lanier.

Do you like the poem? Why? Explain the thought of it in your own words. With what difficulties does the stream meet in reaching "the main"? What human qualities does the stream exhibit? What is the work of the stream as expressed in the last stanza? Does this poem contain a lesson for people? Write one-page papers in answer to two or three of the above questions.

Chapter VI

WORDS

29. The Word Defined. We have seen in the preceding chapter that a word is the expression of an idea. This is not an accurate definition, however, for sometimes a group of words expresses an idea; as, Our friends started in the morning. The expression, in the morning, expresses an idea of time. Sometimes, too, a word expresses more than one idea; as, The sun shines. The word, shines, expresses the thought relation and the thought predicate. We can see that it expresses two ideas, because it is equivalent to the expression, is shining. Here the word, is, expresses one idea, and the word, shining, expresses another. There are some words also which do not express ideas, as we shall see later on; but for all practical purposes we may say: A word is a symbol which expresses an idea. This is its usual function.

30. Classes of Words. We have seen in the preceding chapter that there are three great classes of ideas: objects of thought, attributes, and ideas of relation. Since words are the instruments to express ideas, just as sentences are the instruments to express thoughts, we must have

three great classes of words; one to express objects of thought, one to express attributes, and one to express ideas of relation. In this sentence, The stars are beautiful, the word, stars, expresses an object of thought. In the sentence, He is my friend, the words, he, my, and friend, express objects of thought. We call such a word a substantive word.

A substantive word is a word which expresses an object of thought; as, Franklin wrote good English.

In the sentence, The tall man walked rapidly home, the words, the, tall, walked, and rapidly, express attributes. We call such words attributive words.

An attributive word is a word which expresses an attribute; as, The white roses are fragrant.

In the sentence, The water flows through the mill by the river, and it is turning the machinery, the words, through, by, and, and is, express ideas of relation. We call such words relational words.

A relational word is a word which expresses an idea of relation; as, The mill will never grind with the water which is past.

Exercise 13

In the following sentences, point out the substantive, attributive, and relational words, giving reasons for each:

I. The inventions of paper and the press have put an

end to all these restraints; they have made everyone a writer, and enabled every mind to pour itself into print, and diffuse itself over the whole intellectual world. The consequences are alarming. The stream of literature has swollen into torrent, augmented into a river, expanded -Irving.

into a sea.

2. He may live without books,-what is knowledge but

grieving?

He may live without hope,-what is hope but deceiv

ing?

He may live without love,—what is passion but pin

ing?

But where is the man who can live without dining?

31. Substantive Words:

nouns.

-Owen Meredith.

Nouns and Pro

Examine the italicized substantive words

in the following sentences:

1. The knife is on the table.
2. The book is on the table.
3. The pen is on the table.
4. It is on the table.

When we use the substantive words, knife, book, or pen, we know just what object is on the table because these words name the objects of thought which they express. When we use the substantive word, it, we are not sure just what object is on the table. We know that some object is on the table, for the word, it, expresses an object of thought, but it might be the pen, the book, or the knife, or any other object of thought, because the word, it, does not name the object of thought which it expresses.