National System of Political EconomyJ. B. Lippincott & Company, 1856 - 437 стор. |
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Adam Smith advantage agricultural products agriculture branches of industry cities civilization colonies commerce commercial policy commodities competition condition consume consumption continental continental system corn laws cosmopolite cotton culture degree division of labor doctrine domestic Economists employed England English established exchangeable value exports facturing favor foreign trade France free trade furnish Germany Hanse Towns Holland human idea immense important increase independence Indies individuals influence intellectual interests J. B. Say J. S. Mill land laws less liberty manu manufac manufactured articles manufactured products manufacturing industry maritime material capital means merchants millions moral nations nature navigation North America physiocrats Political Economy population Portugal possession precious metals principle productive power progress proportion prosperity protective duties protective system raw materials regard rent restrictions rich Russia Say's School society soil theory things tion treaty turing United wealth Wealth of Nations whilst whole woollen
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Сторінка xi - Political Economy, therefore, reasons from assumed premises — from premises which might be totally without foundation in fact, and which are not pretended to be universally in accordance with it. The conclusions of Political Economy, consequently, like those of geometry, are only true, as the common phrase is, in the abstract ; that is, they are only true under certain suppositions, in which none but general causes— causes common to the whole class of cases under consideration — are taken into...
Сторінка 88 - A merchant, it has been said very properly, is not necessarily the citizen of any particular country. It is in a great measure indifferent to him from what place he carries on his trade; and a very trifling disgust will make him remove his capital, and together with it all the industry which it supports, from one country to another.
Сторінка xxxv - To determine the laws which regulate this distribution, is the principal problem in Political Economy : much as the science has been improved by the writings of Turgot, Stuart, Smith, Say, Sismondi, and others, they afford very little satisfactory information respecting the natural course of rent, profit, and wages.
Сторінка xli - The questions — to what extent and under what circumstances the possession of wealth is, on the whole, beneficial or injurious to its possessor, or to the society of which he is a member ? What distribution of wealth is most desirable in each different state of society ? And what are the means by which any given country can facilitate such a distribution ? — all these are questions of great interest and difficulty, but no more form part of the science of Political Economy, in the sense in which...
Сторінка xxxv - The produce of the earth— all that is derived from its surface by the united application of labour, machinery and capital, is divided among three classes of the community, namely the proprietor of the land, the owner of the stock or capital necessary for its cultivation, and the labourers by whose industry it is cultivated.
Сторінка xiv - We owe much at present to the superstitious worship of Smith's name ; and we must not impair that feeling until the victory is more complete. There are few practical errors in the Wealth of Nations...
Сторінка xlv - For practical purposes, political economy is inseparably intertwined with many other branches of social philosophy. Except on matters of mere detail, there are perhaps no practical questions, even among those which approach nearest to the character of purely economical questions, which admit of being decided on economical premises alone.
Сторінка xi - It is concerned with him solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging of the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end. It predicts only such of the phenomena of the social state as take place in consequence of the pursuit of wealth. It makes entire abstraction of every other human passion or motive; except those which may be regarded as perpetually...
Сторінка xi - The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth, in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object.
Сторінка xi - Everything which can possibly happen in which man and external things are jointly concerned, results from the joint operation of a law or laws of matter, and a law or laws of the human mind. Thus the production of corn by human labour is the result of a law of mind, and many laws of matter.