ST KENTIGERN AND HIS MISSION IN STRATHCLYDE-NO ASSISTANCE FROM RELICS OF ROMAN CHRISTIANITY-DEALINGS WITH THE KING-ST PALADIUS-LARGER POSITION IN HISTORY OF ST COLUMBA-CHURCH OF THE IRISH AND ALBANIAN SCOTS-IN- DEPENDENT OF ROME-SPECIALTIES SEPARATING FROM THE REST OF THE CATHOLIC WORLD-ITS MONASTICISM-POSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF WOMEN-TENDENCY OF LATER ECCLESI- ASTICAL LITERATURE TO SUPPRESS THESE SPECIALTIES-IM- PORTANCE OF THE EARLIER SOURCES-PERSONAL HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE OF HIS MONASTERY-RELICS OF ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE SEPARATE FROM THE ROMAN TYPE-GOVERNMENT-POSITION OF BISHOPS-ABSOLUTENESS OF ST TERNAN, ST SERF, AND OTHER MINOR SAINTS-ST CORMAC AND HIS ADVENTURES-ST MAELRUBHA AND HIS NORTHERN ESTABLISHMENT-THE GREAT QUESTION OF EASTER-COMMUNI- CATIONS AND CONTEST WITH THE NORTHERN ENGLISH CHURCH- PAULINUS-AIDAN-FINNIAN-THE QUESTION OF THE TONSURE -THE CATHOLIC SHAPE AND THE SCOTS SHAPE-PRESSURE OF HISTORY AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF THE ROMANS-STRATHCLYDE AND ITS DYNASTY-DISAPPEARANCE FROM HISTORY-PICTLAND -BATTLE OF NECHTANS-MERE-ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ADJUST- MENT OF A NATIONAL BOUNDARY-THE EXTINCTION OF THE SEPARATE PICTISH NATIONALITY-THE SCOTS-THEIR IRISH ORIGIN-CARBER RIADHA-FERGUS-AIDAN AND THE ADJUST- MENT OF THE DYNASTY-CONFERENCE OF DRUMCAT-BATTLE OF MOYRA, AND ITS EPIC-SCOTTISH CLAIMS ON IRELAND— THE CHRONICLES AND THEIR IMPORT-KING KENNETH AND THE THE NORTHERN SEA-ROVERS OR VIKINGS-THEIR MIGRATIONS DAT- ING FAR BACK-THE CAUSE OF THEIR BEING DRIVEN TO WANDER -FLED BEFORE ALL DESPOTIC INFLUENCES-THE ROMANS- CHARLEMAGNE-HAROLD HARFAGER-CHARACTER AND INFLU- ENCE OF THE VIKINGS-ACHIEVEMENTS IN NAVIGATION-REG- NAR LODBROC-ESTABLISH THEMSELVES IN NORTH ENGLAND, THE SCOTTISH ISLES, AND SCOTLAND BEYOND THE MORAY FIRTH -THE NATURE OF THEIR MARINE EMPIRE-THE MAARMORS AND OTHER SUBSIDIARY RULERS-RELATIONS OF THE SCOTS AND SAXON KINGS-INCIDENTS BROUGHT UP IN THE QUESTION OF HOMAGE-LEGENDS OF THE EARLY KINGS-MALCOLM, DUN- BREAKING UP KINGDOMS-THE SYSTEM OF RECORDS-VALUE 378-423 THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. CHAPTER I. The Roman Period. FIRST APPEARANCE OF SCOTLAND IN HISTORY-THE INVASION BY AGRICOLA-THE BATTLE OF THE GRAMPIANS-USELESS SEARCH AFTER MONS GRAMPIUS QUESTION IF THIS WAS THE REAL NAME OTHER DIFFICULTIES IN ROMAN TOPOGRAPHY-GUESSES AND FORGERIES THE NAME CALEDONIA-HADRIAN AND THE GREAT WALL-NATURE AND PURPOSES OF THE WALL-ANTONINE, LOLLIUS URBICUS, AND THE NORTHERN WALL-HISTORY OF ITS CONSTRUCTION-FEATS AND CHARACTER OF MARCELLUS ULPIUS -AUTHORITIES ON THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANS IN SCOTLAND -CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE GIVEN BY THEM-LUPUS-MARCH OF SEVERUS-CARAUSIUS-CONSTANTIUS-BEGINNING OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY-QUESTION HOW FAR SCOTLAND CHRISTIANISED UNDER THE ROMANS FALL OF THEIR POWERATTACKS ON THE EMPIRE BY THE NORTHERN TRIBES. IT is in the year 80 of the Christian era that the territory in later times known as Scotland comes out of utter darkness, and is seen to join the current of authentic history. In that year Julius Agricola brought Roman troops north of the line which, hundreds of years afterwards, became the border dividing Scotland from England. The achievements of that VOL. I. A general hold a greater place in history than they would have reached had they not been told by his son-in-law Tacitus, the most powerful of Roman historians. The light thus cast on Scotland for a time is more remarkable for its brightness than for its clearness. It was brief, but sufficient to show to Rome that there was work in a distant land for the imperial troops. Of their subsequent doings we have occasional glimpses in contemporary literature. These are feeble and fragmentary. By scrupulously collecting them, however, adjusting them to each other, and interpreting them through such other aids to history as may be found, it is possible to see in some measure the place which Scotland held in the eyes of the empire from the days of Agricola downwards. In this way, looking from without, we may in some measure trace a historical continuity until the time when we can take up the threads of an internal national history, and follow the destinies of the inhabitants of Scotland until they and their country became, by a long process of growth and articulation, consolidated into a sovereign European state. Of such previous events as bear on the invasion of Scotland by Agricola, it need only be said that the various warlike operations of Julius Cæsar in the south had been invasion, and no more. The successful general, and his assistants in the creation of the empire, had other things to think of for many years to come. It was not till the reign of Claudius, and the invasion of Aulus Plautius in the year 43, that the actual process of the annexation of South Britain to the empire began. This was nearly completed, in a superficial way at least, in the summer of 78, when Agricola. |