History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Том 5

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1856

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CHAPTER XXVII	1

Extreme moderation of the German demands on the peace	2

Dangers to German independence on the dissolution of the Empire	3

Sage constitution and immense strength of the German Confederacy	4

Military forces of the Confederacy	5

External and internal peace and great prosperity this has secured	6

its statistics	7

Splendour of its capitals and chief cities	8

Extreme violence of the press in Paris in 1833 and 1834	299

103	304

Law against associations	306

Progress of the bill through both Houses	311

An insurrection is resolved on at Lyons	312

Defensive measures of the Government	318

His qualities as a statesman and orator	325

Liberation of the Duchess de Berri	326

Universal education of the people	9

Anomalous result of education on crime	10

Statistics of education and crime in Austria	11

Seeds of discontent arising out of this very prosperity	12

Manner in which this was brought about	13

Universal expectation of liberal institutions which prevailed in Germany	14

His versatility has rendered him rather universally popular than	15

after the peace 15 Evidence from public acts of the promise to give Germany constitutional government 16 Delay in performing these promises on t...	16

States established in Hanover Würtemberg and Baden but not	17

Tardy promises of the Prussian government	18

Important resolution of the Diet regarding the internal affairs	19

20 Great effect of these provisions	20

Effect of the Spanish and Italian revolutions of 1819 and 1820 on many	21

Resolution of the Diet on the propositions of Austria	22

Supreme Austregal Court	23

Assassination of Kotzebue	24

His execution and immense sensation it created	25

Consequences of this event highly injurious to freedom	26

2729 Circular of the cabinet of Berlin 2729	27

Treaty between the Porte and Mehemet Ali	28

Treaty of UnkiarSkelessi	29

Reflections on this picture of Germany	30

Circular of Metternich detailing the effect of the repressive measures	31

Circular of Metternich on the Neapolitan revolution 33 Final Act of Confederation	32

VOL V	33

Effect of this Final Act on German liberty	34

Illusory edict of Prussia regarding provincial diets	35

Refusal of the Diet to sanction the demand of Holstein for a consti tution	36

Import of the constitution of the provincial estates of Prussia by the edict of June 5 1823	37

Count Bernstorffs circular on the subject	38

Regulations against the secret societies in Prussia	39

The real worth of the provincial estates	40

Causes which prevented an outbreak	41

Wisdom of the internal government of Prussia	42

Specific measures introduced	43

The ultimate effect of these changes would have favoured freedom	44

Great effect of the French Revolution in checking German freedom	45

Increase of this feeling with the Belgian and Polish revolutions	46

Effect of the siege of Antwerp in 1832	48

Decree of July 5 of the Diet	49

Immense sensation produced by these decrees over Europe	50

Riot in Frankfort and its occupation by the Austrians	51

Congress of Sovereigns at Münchengratz	52

Fresh riot at Frankfort which is put under martial law	53

Decrees of 1835 in the Diet	54

Death of the Emperor Francis and his successors communication to the Diet	55

Change in the public mind in Germany towards material objects	56

Refusal of the Diet to restore the constitution of Hanover	57

Dispute between the Prussian government and the Pope regarding the Archbishop of Cologne	58

Immense sensation excited by this event	59

Wise internal regulations of the Prussian government 61 Amnesty on the 300th anniversary of the Reformation and treaty of reciprocity with Holland	60

Adjustment of the dispute with the See of Rome	64

in intellectual strength	65

Extension of the Zollverein and increasing intellectual strength	66

Vast system of railways in Northern Germany	67

Inauguration of the Cathedral of Cologne and Kings speech at	68

Meeting of the general estates at Berlin	69

Secret views of the government in this step	70

Successes of the troops	71

Progress of constitutional ideas in 1943	72

Important religious movement in Germany in 1845	73

Deputation of the Chamber to the King	74

Answer of the King and Paris declared in a state of siege	75

Progress in 1847 and convocation of a general diet	77

Opening of the States General of Prussia and Kings speech	78

Extraordinary political situation of Germany	79

Effect of the Revolutionary War on the two parties which divided	80

And in increasing the passion for freedom	81

Great effect of general education in increasing this desire	82

Great difficulties arising from the want of foreign commercial colonies	83

constitution of the Diet the Federal Union	84

Effect of the preponderance of Catholics in the Confederacy	85

The army is the expression of general opinion	86

Influence of Russia on Prussia and the lesser states	87

Influence of the want of employment in forcing men to become govern ment employés	88

Description of the citadel of Antwerp	89

Disastrous effects in Germany of the revolutions of 1820 and 1830	90

The triumph of the Conservatives left the seeds of revolution in all the European states	91

Influence of these causes on German literature	92

Advantages of the German Confederacy to the peace of Europe	93

Effect of the German Confederacy on domestic peace and the progress of freedom	94

What of a federal union for the interests of mankind	95

What may be hoped for federal unions in future 97 Cause which shipwrecked German liberty 87 CHAPTER XXVIII	96

Abandonment of the Barrier treaty	97

Great addition to the power of France by these events	98

And of Russia	99

Influence on Englands power	100

Great importance of the German literature in the early part of the nine teenth century 2 Literature is thus the index to general opinion 3 Cause of its r...	101

Wieland 9 His defects and excellencies 10 Goethe	102

Faust	105

Character of his dramas	110

His elevated picture of love	117

Körner as a dramatic poet	124

its character	131

50	137

German autobiographies	144

Frederick Schlegel 66 Jacobi	151

68	153

its origin 68 Reaction against these doctrines rationalism 69 Strausss Life of Jesus Christ	154

The alarm thence arising is unfounded 71 Reflections on German literature 72 General character of German literature 73 Its romantic and sentimental...	158

Object of the fine arts in Germany 75 Thorwaldsen	160

Danneker and Kiss	161

Painting in Germany	162

Its romantic character 79 German architecture 80 General passion for music in Germany 81 Beethoven	164

Mozart	165

Haydn	166

Handel 85 Mendelssohn	167

Spohr and Glück 87 Reflections on the influence of recent disasters on the German mind	168

FRANCE FROM THE EXTINCTION OF THE HEREDITARY PEERAGE IN DECEMBER 1831 TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MILITARY GOV...	170

Social dangers of the Government of France	171

Louis Blancs picture of the working classes in France at this period	172

The Revolution was not the cause of these evils but it aggravated them	175

Commencement of the insurrection	179

The insurrection spreads and proves successful 12 Half the national guard join the insurgents who make the prefect prisoner	180

Desperate strife in the streets of Lyons	181

Extreme alarm at Paris and vigorous measures of the Government	182

Renewed efforts of the Republicans Armand Carrel	186

his character	187

Strength of the republican press and extravagance of the Court	188

Extravagance of the Civil List	189

Great increase of the general expenditure	190

Conspiracy of Notre Dame and the Rue Prouvaires	191

Conspiracy at Grenoble	192

Expedition to Ancona resolved on and its reasons	193

State of affairs in Italy	194

Disturbances in Romagna and Austrian interference	195

Effects of this stroke in Italy and Europe	197

First appearance of the cholera in Paris	198

Its extraordinary and unlookedfor symptoms	199

Uncertainty in its mode of treatment	200

Commissions in Paris on the subject	201

Real ravages of the epidemic	202

Noble instances of fortitude and benevolence	203

Death of Casimir Périer and Cuvier	205

Character of Casimir Périer	206

Attempt of the Duchess de Berri to raise the west	207

The Duchess de Berri determines on an effort in France and repairs Massa	208

She leaves Massa and makes a descent on France ib 42 Landing of the Princess	210

Abortive rising at Marseilles ib 44 The Duchess resolves to cross France to La Vendée	211

She escapes into La Vendée	212

Disquietude and measures of the Royalists at these events	213

Vain attempt at an insurrection	215

The Princess resolves on a rising which proves abortive ib 49 Incidents of the civil war	216

Adventures of the Duchess de Berri and extinction of the insurrection	217

The Princess takes refuge in Nantes	218

When she is at length discovered	219

Treachery of Deutz towards the Princess	220

Her arrest	221

Her imprisonment in the chateau of Blaye ib 56 Extreme discontent and democratic movement in Paris	222

Death of General Lamarque	223

His funeral and commencement of the insurrection	224

Preparations of the Government	225

6061 Commencement of the insurrection 226227	226

The insurrection breaks out	228

Vigorous measures on the part of the Government	229

Mysterious meeting at Lafittes at night	230

Progress and alarming aspect of the insurrection	231

Moral chances on either side ib 67 Measures and forces of the Government	232

Marshal Soults military measures	233

507	234

Great successes of the insurgents and consternation of the military chiefs	235

251	246

254	247

260	260

subjected	264

CHAPTER XXX	268

Force and corruption the principle of the Government 3 General policy of the Government 4 Its danger in the end	271

Income and expenditure of 1833	287

Congress of MuntzGraetz between Russia Prussia and Austria	293

Results of the Revolution of July	327

Change for the worse which it had induced ib 61 Error of the explanation of these changes given by the Liberal party	328

How the Revolution of July failed	329

Schism between the proprietors and prolétaires	330

CHAPTER XXXI	332

Assault on the Duke of Wellington and the King	333

Immense power at the disposal of Ministers	334

Influence of the practical turn of the English mind at this crisis	335

The nobility were at the head of the English movement	336

Effect of the Conservatives remaining at their posts	337

Moderation of Government	338

Beneficial effect of the influence in Ireland of the See of Rome at this period i	339

Influence of the cholera in checking the Reform mania	340

Distressed state of the finances	341

Journey of the Duke of Orléans through the south of France 268	343

Distracted state of Ireland and resistance to tithes	344

Declaration of Government on the subject and recommendations of 345 14 Reflections on their recommendation ib the committee	345

1516 Valuable facts brought out in the evidence and the debate 346347	346

Government plan on the subject and Mr OConnells opposition	347

Increased agitation and violence in the country	348

Frightful murders and burnings in the country hy	349

Ineffectual efforts of the Government	350

Renewed efforts of the agitators and their gross falsehoods	351

104	352

Speech of the King on proroguing Parliament	353

Success of the registration of electors law	354

System of requiring pledges from candidates	355

Result of the new elections	357

Opening of Parliament	358

Extreme wordiness of the new House and new regulations in conse quence	359

Regulations for forenoon hours in the House of Commons	360

Coercion Bill for Ireland	361

3135 Argument of Ministers for the Coercion Bill 362366	362

3641 Argument of the Roman Catholics against the bill 367371	367

270	372

Reflections on the Coercion Act	373

Reflections on these bills	382

271	388

Rapid decline in the popularity of Ministers	394

feeling of the country on	400

105	405

The West India Question	406

Prosperous general condition of the negroes	412

Insurrection in Jamaica	418

Result of the debate and parties by whom it was opposed	426

Causes which had rendered the duty bearable during the war	430

What made the West India proprietors acquiesce in the change	431

Fatal effects of the measure on the West India Islands	432

272	433

Ruinous effects of emancipation to the negroes	434

106	435

107	436

Reflections on this subject	437

Bill regarding the shortening of infant labour in factories	438

Closing of the session and review of its proceedings	439

Improved state of the commercial interests and continued depression of land	440

Difficulties of Ministers from the Irish members and Radicals	442

Commencement of the agitation for the Repeal of the Union ib 115 First move in this direction Attack on Baron Smith	443

116120 Mr OConnells argument for the repeal of the Union 444446	444

121124 Answer of Mr Spring Rice 447450	447

Result of the debate	451

273	452

Divisions of the Government on the Irish Church Question	454

Resignation of Mr Stanley Sir James Graham the Duke of Richmond and Lord Ripon	455

Effects of this secession upon the Government	456

Kings declaration on the Irish Church	457

Ministers hold on	458

The movement party resolve to force on Mr Wards motion	459

Question brought before the House of Lords	460

Effect of these declarations on the part of Government	461

its progress	462

Which is opposed by all parties	463

Division in the Cabinet on the Irish Coercion Bill renewal	464

Negotiation of Mr Littleton with Mr OConnell	465

140	466

Earl Greys parting address as Minister	467

Lord Melbourne appointed Prime Minister and changes in the Cabinet	468

Modified Coercion Bill	469

Fate of the Irish Church Bill	470

PoorLaw Amendment Bill	472

Vast effect of the contraction of the currency on this matter	473

Report of the PoorLaw Commissioners recommending a change	475

The bill is carried by a great majority	478

Farther progress of the bill ib 153 Regulation as to separating husband and wife	480

Effect of the bill has not been materially to lessen poorrates	481

Prorogation of Parliament	482

Who is soon overturned	523

408	525

Great successes of the popular opposition in Greece and overthrow of the Government	526

7 Arrival of King Otho and joy of the inhabitants	527

Institutions and military force of the infant State	528

Causes of discord still remaining in the East	529

Jealousy awakened in the English Cabinet	530

Divergence of views on the Eastern Question between the Cabinets of London and Paris	531

Causes of the coldness of France and England Commercial treaty be tween the latter and Turkey	532

And with Austria	533

Increasing coldness of the Porte with France ib 45 Mutual recriminations of the Porte and Mehemet Ali	534

Efforts of France and England to avert hostilities	535

Commencement of hostilities by the Sultan	536

Forces on both sides at the commencement of hostilities	537

Battle of Nezib	538

The Turkish fleet is treacherously given up to the Egyptians	539

Revolution in Serria	542

Views of the European Powers at this juncture	543

Ultimate demands of both parties	544

Treaty of July 15 1840 for the settlement of the East	545

The Pacha refuses the terms and military arrangements of the Allies to enforce it	546

Conciliatory note of the allied Powers towards France	547

Extreme irritation in France	548

Imminent danger of a rupture between England and France	549

Allied plan of attack and forces on opposite side	551

Nature of Syria in a military point of view	552

Effect of this peculiar physical conformation on the war then waged 65 Bombardment of Beyrout	553

Immense sensation produced by this event over Europe	554

63 Conference of Louis Philippe and M Guizot at the Chateau dEu and its results	555

Thiers pote of Nov 8 and its results	557

Fall of M Thiers who is succeeded by M Guizot	558

The British fleet steers for Acre and gains great successes	559

Bombardment of Acre	562

Submission of Mehemet Ali to the terms of the Allies 75 Terms of final pacification proposed by M Guizot and accepted by the Allies	564

Important treaty of the whole European Powers regarding the navigation of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus	565

The advantages of the treaty were more apparent than real	566

The refusal of succour to the Turks in 1833 was the fatal step	567

Which arose from the Reform Bill and the contraction of the currency	568

Dangers of the nation in 1841 from the mania for reduction	569

CHAPTER XXXIII	571

Opening of the Chamber and great majority for Ministers	572

Marshal Gérard succeeds Marshal Soult	573

Declaration of the new Ministers in favour of economy	574

Count Molé Minister	575

Fall of the new Ministry and restoration of the old one	576

Flourishing state of Algiers ib 8 First debate on the Address	577

Answer of M Guizot	578

Majority for Ministers in the Chamber	579

Marshal Mortier is succeeded by the Duke de Broglie as Prime Minister	580

Cause of this crisis	581

Character of the Duke de Broglie	582

Commencement of the trial and contest with the Bar	587

Ruinous effects of this mode of proceeding	589

Commencement of the proceedings 21 Refusal of the accused to plead or answer until they got their own defenders	590

Progress of the trial	591

Continuation of the disorders and letter of Audry de Puyraveau	592

Proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies	593

Trials disjoined and escape of twentyeight prisoners	594

Conclusion of the trials	595

2728 Reflections on these trials 596597	596

Fête of July and conspiracy to murder the King	598

Attempted assassination of the King by Fieschi	599

Arrest of the assassin and discovery of the infernal machine	600

Immense effect produced by this event in Paris	601

Funeral of Marshal Mortier and the other victims	602

Trial and execution of the murderers	603

3538 Speech of M de Broglie on the introduction of the new law of re pression 604607	604

3942 Answer of M Armand Carrel and M de Lamartine 608610	608

Proposed laws	610

Which pass both Chambers	612

Improved condition of the Government in spring 1836 ib 46 Increased prosperity in France and beginning of the railway mania	613

Declaration of M Guizot	624

Occupation of Cracow by the allied Powers	630

The Spanish Question and its urgent davgers	637

Preparations for the attempt of Strasburg	643

Humane conduct of the Government to Louis Napoleon	649

Modification of the Ministry	655

Dissolution of the Chamber	661

His first successes	668

Faults of the French Government after the Revolution	671

Commencement of the expedition	674

Diverging views of Generals Damremont and Bugeaud on them	680

Reason of the rigour of revolutionary governments	687

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Назва	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Том 5 History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Archibald Alison
Автор	Archibald Alison
Видавець	W. Blackwood, 1856
Оригінал із	Гарвардський університет
Оцифровано	30 сер. 2007

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