venting water-closets by means of special fittings. The method of Fig. 147, in which the temple vent fitting is used, is probably the least common of the three, but is nevertheless to be considered a specially good one, and there would appear to be little reason for its limited use.

It often happens, especially in tenement and apartment houses, that water-closets on the several floors, back up to each other on opposite sides of a partition. Under such conditions, a good method of wasting and venting is seen in Fig. 150, by the use of a vented double T-Y. An improvement on this method, however, is that of Fig. 151, in which a special fitting known as a sanitary cross with double vent is made use of, in connection with the double revent fitting shown.

It will be noticed that while the use of these special fittings must necessarily save a considerable amount of labor as compared with ordinary methods, other advantages are also gained. They often make the drainage and vent piping and their connections much more compact, and reduce the number of joints greatly. The latter is a feature of importance, as the smaller the number of joints there are on any plumbing system, the less liability there will be of defects and of stoppages.

Other special water-closet waste and vent fittings of much value are to be seen in Figs. 152 to 155.

The fitting A in Fig. 152 is a double T-Y with double vents. When this fitting is made use of, the double vent fitting shown will be found of more advantage than vents of pipe and ordinary fittings. From the top of the double-vent fitting, a short revent fitting similar to that of Fig. 144 may be used, or the connection made with pipe and fittings. If the latter method is adopted, the reader will easily see that it cannot be accomplished, either with cast or wrought-iron pipe, without the use of several more joints than appear in the work of Fig. 152. Another fitting, similar to A, is shown at B, it being provided with a single vent instead of a double vent.

It would appear that as efficient work may be accomplished with B as with A, as far as the venting of the two water-closets is concerned, and the number of fittings used with A and the labor necessary will certainly be greater than in the case of B. C shows

FIG. 150.-Waste and Vent for Water-Closets on Oppo

site Sides of Partition.

still another vented waste fitting, similar to that of Fig. 144, but with an extra inlet for the waste of another fixture. The revent fitting connected to the vent opening of the waste fitting, is also provided with an additional opening to receive the vent from the fixture entering the special waste inlet of the waste fitting. The revent fitting may be secured with the additional opening located as shown, or on either side of the fitting. If the bath waste enters the additional opening of the waste fitting, and its half-S trap is located within a short distance of the stack, the vent for the watercloset may act also as the vent for the bath trap. Fig. 153 shows a special offset fitting, D, for use in connection with the vented T-Y, when the latter is used to serve a water-closet on the lowest floor, or when no other fixtures enter the stack below the watercloset. This offset connects the vent stack into the soil stack as now generally required, and also serves as the vent for the watercloset.

Fig. 154 illustrates the use of another vented fitting, E, for use in connection with a water-closet entering the end of a horizontal line of soil pipe. This fitting allows the entrance of the lead bend into the end and into its vent opening the water-closet vent may be connected to serve also as the main vent in many cases.

In Fig. 155 are illustrated a multiple waste and vent fitting, G, and a double revent fitting, F. The waste fitting is provided with two vent hubs, a waste opening for the water-closet and another for any other adjacent fixture. One of the vent hubs is to receive the vent for the water-closet, and the other the vent from the bath trap or other trap that is located below the floor.

The double revent fitting may be obtained in several modified patterns. For instance, another vent opening may be obtained at the top of the fitting, as shown in connection with the fitting H of Fig. 152.

The fitting may also be obtained with a waste opening at K. Such a waste could not be used, however, if the fitting were provided with the branch L, as this would mean that the same pipe served as both waste and vent, which is not right under any circumstances. A waste opening at K would provide a continuous vent with waste for a lavatory or sink.

All the special fittings shown in Figs. 143 to 146, and 152 to

FIGS. 152-155.-The Use of Special Water-Closet Waste and Vent Fittings.

155, with the exception of the vented T-Y of Fig. 143, are known as F and W combination vent, revent, and drainage fittings. They are of great practical value, and are coming into use to a considerable extent. As already indicated, they save a large amount of labor, reduce the number of joints, and make the work compact.

Their use also allows continuous vents to be obtained under almost all conditions. It may be stated that these fittings constitute only a small part of the full line of such special fittings. Others, for use in connection with other fixtures than water-closets, will be seen elsewhere.

Owing to the nature of the waste which the water-closet receives, it should be surrounded with the best possible sanitary conditions. This is especially true, also, of the urinal. With our present knowledge and appliances, however, it is not now so difficult to install these fixtures under difficult conditions and still obtain good results, as it once was.

The water-closet should never be installed in a dark or unventilated place, for light and ventilation are absolutely necessary if this fixture is to be kept from becoming a foul nuisance. When properly provided for in these two respects, however, this fixture need prove scarcely more obnoxious than any other fixture. That this is true, is evidenced by the fact that the atmosphere of the modern well-lighted, well-ventilated bath room, provided with firstclass fixtures and a properly constructed sanitary system, is scarcely more tainted than the atmosphere of the remaining rooms of the house.

The location of water-closets in cellars is always poor practice, though quite common in some sections. Whenever thus located, the water-closet compartment should be built with one of the cellar windows opening into it, in order that ventilation and light may be obtained as far as is possible under the conditions.

Whenever possible, the lighting of any room or compartment containing a water-closet or any other plumbing fixture, should be direct, rather than by means of light shafts. Exterior lighting, by means of which the benefit of sunlight may be obtained, is very desirable, as the action of sunlight is especially destructive to filth or germ life.