from work that is installed with such errors as those shown above. It is a very common practice, for instance, to serve two fixtures by one trap, as in Figs. 119, 120, and 121. This practice arises

Bath Room Vixtures

Waste into Separate
Fitting

FIG. 123.-Connections Preferable to Those of Fig. 122.

most often in the case of the kitchen sink and wash trays, and in the case of lavatory and bath tub, and is a practice that is followed in a great many cities having plumbing ordinances which require a separate trap under each fixture. Briefly stated, the principle

FIG. 124. Separate Waste Entrance for Each Fixture.

involved is, that as far as possible, each fixture should be separately trapped, and have a separate entrance into the drainage system, and the consideration of the latter is the chief feature of this chapter. It may, perhaps, be considered to best advantage in the

case of bath room connections. The work shown in Fig. 122, in which the wastes from all three fixtures of the bath room are provided with but one entrance into the drainage system, is very often

FIG. 125.-Separate Waste Entrances by Means of Special Fittings.

to be seen even in cities which pride themselves on their high standard of plumbing. It cannot be denied, however, that this is very poor work. Fig. 123 shows an improvement in providing a second entrance for the bath and lavatory. This would in general,

FIG. 126. Separate Waste Entrances by Means of Special Fittings.

no doubt pass muster as a fairly good piece of work, but it cannot be compared with the work of Fig. 124, in which each fixture is provided with its own separate entrance into the drainage system.

Fig. 124 certainly represents the most sanitary and workmanlike arrangement of waste connections. In such work a stoppage on either waste affects that fixture alone, and has no influence on the working of any other fixture, while in the other work mentioned a single stoppage at certain points is able to prevent the use of two, or even all three, fixtures.

The special fittings which have recently appeared on the market in such numbers and in such variety of form are of the greatest aid in obtaining separate waste entrance for fixtures, but in addition provide means of obtaining continuous vents. Two examples of the use of special fittings are to be seen in Figs. 125 and 126, and at various other points in this work other similar instances may be noted.

CHAPTER XV

WATER-CLOSETS

THE water-closet, without doubt, has received more earnest attention in its development than any other plumbing fixture or device. Its use has also had more influence in the working out of the details of the present sanitary system than any other feature that is connected with plumbing construction. It is not the pur

FIG. 127.-The Pan Water-Closet and Its Connections.

pose of this work to enter into the historical features of the development of plumbing, and therefore simply passing mention will be made of the old-time styles of water-closets, in order that comparison may be made between the present fixtures of sanitary construction and the old-time fixtures with their numerous sanitary defects.

The pan closet, shown in Fig. 127, was for a long time uni

versally used on good work and was considered as a most efficient fixture. This fixture was developed in the natural course of the evolution of the water-closet, but in our knowledge of to-day it is difficult to conceive of a more filthy arrangement. Its use is now everywhere prohibited, although even now found to some extent in some sections on old work.

As shown in Fig. 127, the pan closet consists chiefly of the bowl, the receiver for the waste, the pan and a system of levers for operating the pan.

The waste entering the fixture, fell into this pan, which was

FIG. 128. The Long Hopper Closet.

of copper, and contained enough water to make a seal over the lower end of the bowl. The system of levers was used to upset the pan and throw its contents into the receiver. The latter soon became covered with filth and the pan also became corroded and filthy. Beneath the pan closet the S trap added to the general filthiness of the fixture. The unsanitary features of the pan closet, as may well be seen, were of such an extent that they cannot easily be exaggerated.

Following the pan closet came the valve and plunger closets, showing an improvement in several points over the first-named fixture. These closets, in their day, were looked upon as perfect