haps so small that when all the dimensions are placed upon it, it will be confused, and trouble the workman to work from it.

In this case it is necessary to choose a scale which will enlarge the drawing. A scale of 2 inches equal 1 inch is possibly used, and in this case, when the drawing is complete, a measurement on it of 2 inches represents 1 inch on the piece itself.

Now, in the work which we are following, we shall have use for both the reducing and increasing scales, but more especially for the former.

In Figs. 118, 119 and 120 we show three common reducing scales, and in Fig. 121 a common increasing scale.

The double scale (Fig. 121) or 11⁄2 or triple scale, will be found of use in the practice work which we have been giving, in making an enlarged drawing from a smaller one. If there is a measurement of 11⁄2 inch on the smaller drawing, and the double scale is being used, to represent that dimension on the enlarged drawing, three inches of the double scale must be taken, that is, from 0 to 3 on Fig. 121,

The small divisions at the left of this scale represent fractions of an inch, each of the smallest divisions representing 1-16 inch, the next larger inch, the next 4 inch, and finally 1⁄2 inch.

Fig. 120 shows a scale of 1⁄2 inch equals 1 foot, and is a scale that is sometimes used, though not so often as the 14 inch and 1⁄2 inch. The 1⁄2 inch scale will be found very handy in making a large drawing of small work, for instance, in making a good sized drawing of the plans and elevations of the plumbing for a small house. It must be understood that in Fig. 120, for instance, each figured division represents a full inch on a drawing which is drawn to a scale of inch equal 1 foot. Therefore, the full length of the scale shown would represent 14 inches, on the scale drawing, though measuring actually only half that amount.

We have chosen to consider lastly the two scales which are most important in this work, that is, the 14 and 1% inch scales shown in Figs. 118 and 119. In the next chapter these two scales will be considered fully, and examples of their application given.

Fig. 122, the actual length of the sketch is 41⁄2 inches, but it would be entirely wrong to place that dimension on the drawing. The dimension that should appear is the dimension that the 42 inches represents on the scale that is being used, that is, 18 feet.

This point may not have needed an ex

to use the information given in this book will probably find it almost necessary to procure a scale for the work that we are about taking up. There are two styles of boxwood scales commonly in use, which we represent in Figs. 124 and 125.

The triangular scale is the more expensive of the two, and has a larger num

ber of different scales upon it than the flat scale. At the same time, if a flat architect's scale having a quarter and eighth scales can be procured, it will answer all purposes.

The flat scale has one great advantage over the triangular, from the fact that one often has to turn the latter several times before finding the scale desired, whereas the flat scale shows plainly at all times.

Now having looked into the subject of the different scales, let us apply it in the making of the several plans for a cottage house, this being the simplest construction that we can use for our purpose. Suppose we have a house to plan whose main dimensions are 36 feet x 24 feet. If we use a scale of 4 inch 1 foot, the plans will appear 9 inches x 6 inches, which calls for a larger space than we can afford to give up, although if we were laying out this work on a sheet of paper rather than on the page of a publication where every inch is of value, the quarter scale for work of this kind would be far preferable. Under the conditions we are obliged to show the plans and elevation of this work on a scale of % inch = 1 foot, and in much of the large work we should have to resort to a scale even smaller, probably 1-16 inch = 1 foot.

The cellar plan we show in Fig. 126, and such parts of the first and second floors as contain plumbing work are shown respectively in Figs. 127 and 128. In addition to the plans, we show in Fig. 129, a very simple elevation of the work in question. This elevation is of the most rudimentary style, but it gives us as much information in the line of plumbing as an elaborate and finished elevation; all

R.=1ft.

we require is a knowledge of the distance between floors and the depth of floor timbers, and in addition the pitch of the roof in order to know the length of the vertical line of soil pipe. This elevation is obtained by viewing the house from the front, and it will be seen that in this view the two stacks would appear one behind the other. After drawing the cellar wall, to locate the position of the

Roog

attic

2nd Floor

Showing

Height Statks

Ist. Floor

Cellar Bottom

Fig. 129. Elevation for Cottage House.