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CHAPTER IV.

E have already stated, there are two views of any proposed piece of work that the plumber will need, if the work is to be shown fully. These views are known as the plan and the elevation, and each is equally valuable. The plan is sometimes called the top view, that is to say, this view, by whichever term it may be known, is obtained by looking down upon the object or the work, that is to be shown. Now in Figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23, we show drawings for an ordinary cottage house, such

on his own line of work that he can look to for help.

Indeed, in a great many cases he does not need any further help. On the other hand, in a great many cases there is abundant use for a special drawing on the plumbing work of a building, and such a thing would often be of service to the plumber and to the architect and owner as well. If the architect had to work out in a drawing the way in which the different pipes, vent and waste would have to run, it would be the means of his giving more attention to the location

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Fig. 20 shows a cellar plan, with the pipes running as they are to be put in. This is a view that is very important,

the plumbing system as we are supposed to do when making this view, we shall see only the ends of pipes that run ver

Fig. 21-Showing Bathroom Connections on Second Floor. Scale 1⁄4-inch to 1 foot. one that will almost always be required when drawings of the plumbing work are desired.

That two stacks that pass up through

tically, and as may readily be seen, these ends will appear circular. Now when we come to study the first and second floor plans, each gives, or should give,

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Fig. 22-Showing First Floor Plan. Scale -inch to I foot.

the house, and through the roof, are the location of all fixtures on that partic

shown in this view or in any other plan view by circles, for in looking down on

ular floor, also the location of any stacks that may pass up through said floor.

In comparing these floor plans with the cellar plan, if it is found that the position of the stack as the circle shows it, is located directly over its position in the cellar, it is clear that the pipe runs vertically without offset.

If the positions do not show this, but it is found that the locations vary, then we know that there is an offset.

It would be first-class practice for any one following these articles, to take the set of plans which we illustrate, and work out the same on a larger scale, or better still, to change the layout and locate the stacks in their proper positions on the several floors.

The drawing of a cellar plan, with the pipes showing, as we submit in Fig. 20, is especially desirable work for the beginner, and not too difficult for him. We therefore suggest that he give particular attention to perfecting that view. It will be noticed that these four views are each drawn on a scale of % inch to the foot. To those who do not understand clearly what is meant by a scale drawing, we would make the following explanation: It is obviously impossible to lay out any view of an object of as large size as a house in its actual size. In this event, it is customary to choose some certain measurement, and let such measurement on the drawing represent some larger measurement on the object itself. Thus, in these floor plans, if we find a certain measurement to be % inch, we know from the scale that we are using, that the same measurement on the house itself is 5 feet. Various scales are in use, depending on the size of the building usually.

On ordinary work, the scale generally used is 4 inch to the foot. On large work inch to the foot is common. This brings to mind the fact that in working or figuring from plans care must be taken to do such work with the scale that the drawings are made on. The writer has heard several times of people who have made such a mistake as figuring the work from plans drawn on a 1 inch scale at 4 inch scale, thus figuring only one-half the necessary lengths of pipes a fifty per cent. loss.

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elevations of the plumbing work itself, the plumber gets no other help than the several heights which will help him in figuring his vertical lines of pipe, etc. Now, before bringing this chapter to an end, there is one bit of instruction that we should give, and it will be helpful in laying out a part of the work shown in the cellar plan. The point to which we refer, is the running of lines at an odd angle, so that they shall be parallel to each other, as for instance, either line of conductors, which run at an angle with the main line. Of course horizontally and vertically, it is not difficult to get lines parallel, for all that is necessary is to move the tee square or triangle from one position to another, at the required distance apart from the first line. The way in which the result is reached when the lines are neither horl

zontal nor vertical, but as some angle between, may best be described from Figs. 24 and 25. Suppose in Fig. 24 the line A B has been drawn, and it is desired to draw a second line parallel to it. To do this, place one of the triangles in the position which No. 1 has, with one of its edges matching up with the line AB. Then place another triangle No. 3 against No. 1 triangle, as shown. Now, holding triangle No. 3 firmly in place, move No. 1 along to a second position, shown by No. 2, when line C D can be drawn parallel to A B. Any number of parallel lines can be drawn in this way.

It does not matter how the triangles are put together, so long as one can move along on the other. Thus in Fig.

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CHAPTER V

HIS method would be made use

of in representing runs of pipe at oblique angles with the main. After having shown such a line of pipe, it is necessary to show the hubs on pipe and fittings, and the lines representing the hub are of course at right angles to the direction of the pipe.

Referring now to Fig. 26, let us suppose the two parallel lines representing the pipe have been drawn at some od angle, and it is desired to put in the perpendicular lines showing the hubs. We will suppose that the lower line or the pipe has been drawn by placing the triangles. No. 2 and No. 4 together, and following the method explained above. Still holding No. 2 in position, draw No. 4 along the edge of No. 2 into a new

position away from the line just drawn. This new position is shown by No. 1.

Now holding No. 1 firmly in its new position, place No. 2 triangle in the position shown by No. 3, with one of its edges at right angles to the line of pipe, as it must of necessity be.

It will be clearly seen that by sliding No. 3 along No. 1, lines at right angles to the direction of the line of pipe can be drawn at any desired point. It has taken quite a few words to explain this method, simple as it is, and it is a good example of the difficulties in carrying on a course of this kind in any other way than by oral demonstrations. An instructor could explain a great deal to the pupil before him very quickly, whereas the writing of the same explanation demands of the one

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Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Right Angles.

N°4.

No 2.

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