The Economic Interpretation of History: (lectures Delivered in Worcester College Hall, Oxford, 1887-8)T. Fisher Unwin, 1888 - 547 стор. |
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Adam Smith agriculture alleged ancient assessment Bank of England British called capital causes cent charge colonies competition Corn Laws cost course Crown Crown estate currency custom debt doubt Dutch duty early economical economists effect eighteenth century English Europe exceedingly exchange experience exports fact farmer fifteenth century foreign France freight gold grants Henry Henry VIII imports income industry interest king labour laissez faire land landowners lecture levied liabilities loans Lollards London Lord manufacture means ment merchants nation Office paid Parliament perhaps persons political poor practice principle produce profit protection Protectionist purchase railways reason reign rent revenue rolls of Parliament secure seignorage seventeenth century silver sole market statute Statute of Labourers supply Tandridge taxation tenant tion towns trade United Kingdom wages wealth Whigs workmen
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Сторінка 113 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 372 - ... of carrying it on until the producers have been educated up to the level of those with whom the processes are traditional. A protecting duty, continued for a reasonable time, might sometimes be the least inconvenient mode in which the nation can tax itself for the support of such an experiment.
Сторінка 372 - But it cannot be expected that individuals should, at their own risk, or rather to their certain loss, introduce a new manufacture, and bear the...
Сторінка 372 - The only case in which, on mere principles of .political economy, protecting duties can be defensible, is when they are imposed temporarily (especially in a young and rising nation) in hopes of naturalizing a foreign industry, in itself perfectly suitable to the circumstances of the country.
Сторінка 372 - The superiority of one country over another in a branch of production often arises only from having begun it sooner. There may be no inherent advantage on one part, or disadvantage on the other, but only a present superiority of acquired skill and experience.
Сторінка 372 - A protecting duty, continued for a reasonable time, will sometimes be the least inconvenient mode in which the nation can tax itself for the support of such an experiment. But the protection should be confined to cases in which there is good ground of assurance that the industry which it fosters will after a time be able to dispense with it ; nor should the domestic producers ever be allowed to expect that it will be continued to them beyond the time necessary for a fair trial of what they are capable...
Сторінка viii - ... popular economists believe to be natural is highly artificial; that what they call laws are too often hasty, inconsiderate, and inaccurate inductions; and that much which they consider to be demonstrably irrefutable is demonstrably false. . . . Two things have discredited political economy — the one its traditional disregard for facts; the other, its strangling itself with definitions.
Сторінка 11 - The discoveries were made none too soon. Selim I (1512-20) the sultan of Turkey conquered Mesopotamia and the holy towns of Arabia, and annexed Egypt during his brief reign. This conquest blocked the only remaining road which the Old World knew. The thriving manufactures of Alexandria were at once destroyed. Egypt ceased to be the highway from Hindostan.
Сторінка 324 - The rulers of Great Britain have, for more than a century, past, amused the people with the imagination that they possessed a great empire on the west side of the Atlantic. This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only. It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the project of an empire...
Сторінка 12 - War, its ferocious incidents, its cruel suppression, and the development of those wild sects which disfigured and arrested the German Reformation. The battle of the Pyramids, in which Selim gained the sultanate of Egypt for the Osmanli Turks, brought loss and misery into thousands of homes where the event had never been heard of. It is such facts as these which the economic interpretation of history illustrates and expounds. Viewed from this position, the past is filled with new meaning. The focal...