3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labour, without

assignable bounds

4. Capital is the result of saving

5. All capital is consumed.

PAGE

39

41

41

43

44

46

47

6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual repro-

duction

7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation

8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans

9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labour

10. Fallacy respecting Taxation

CHAPTER VI. Of Circulating and Fixed Capital.

§ 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what

2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating, might

be detrimental to the labourers

CHAPTER VII. On what depends the degree of Productiveness

of Productive Agents.

§ 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at diffe-

rent times and places

2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages

greater energy of labour

CHAPTER VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination of Labour.

§ 1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior productiveness

2. Effects of separation of employments analysed

3. Combination of labour between town and country

4. The higher degrees of the division of labour

5. Analysis of its advantages

CHAPTER IX. Of Production on a Large, and Production on

§ 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufactures

2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle

3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production

4. Large and small farming compared

CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour.

§ 1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of three

elements, Labour, Capital, and Land

2. The Law of Population

3. By what checks the increase of population is practically limited

CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.

1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent

2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of acen-

mulation

3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire

4. Exemplification of its excess

CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production

from Land.

1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the real

limits to production

PAGE

100

102

103

107

108

2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing return

in proportion to the increased application of labour and capital. 109

3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the pro-
gress of improvements in production

CHAPTER XIII. Consequences of the foregoing Laws.

1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of the

principle of accumulation

2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of

inequality of property

3.

-nor superseded by free trade in food

4.

nor in general by emigration.

111

117

117

CHAPTER II. The same subject continued.

§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by con-

the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance. Ques-

tion of inheritance examined

4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?

5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property in

- only valid on certain conditions, which are not always realized.

The limitations considered

138

140

141

114

CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the Produce
is distributed.

§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes

sometimes belongs undividedly to one

sometimes divided between two

.

PAGB

145

145

CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.

147

148

149

§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the produce.

2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land

3. Influence of custom on prices

CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.

3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the slave-

owners

CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.

§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respecting

peasant properties

2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland

CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.

§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry

CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.

§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties

2. Its advantages and inconveniences

3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries

4. Is its abolition desirable?

CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.

§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure

2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nominal

- which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint on

population

CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.

§ 1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors

2. Present state of this question

§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other

words, on population and capital

2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages

3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply restraints

on population

4.

- which are in some cases legal

5.

-

- in others the effect of particular customs

6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labouring

class

CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.

§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of

employment

218

- would require as a condition, legal measures for repression of

§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of population 225

2. Grounds for expecting improvement

227

3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring people:

by education

230

4.

-

and by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign and

home colonization

231

CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in different

Employments.

§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attractive-

ness in different employments

3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors

of the competition of persons with independent means of sup-

port

5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men

6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from combi-

nations

7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom

§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and wages

of superintendence.

245

2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is liable. 246

§3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particular em-

ployment.

4. General tendency of profits to an equality.

5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale

PAGE

247

248

251

6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of labour 252

7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour

253

CHAPTER XVI. Of Rent.

§ 1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly

2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situation, as

exists in less quantity than the demand

3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above the

return to the worst land in cultivation

· or to the capital employed in the least advantageous circum-

stances

5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit?

6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricultural

BOOK III.

259

262

EXCHANGE.

CHAPTER I. Of Value.

§ 1. Preliminary remarks.

2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price.
3. What is meant by general purchasing power

4. Value a relative term. A general rise or fall of Values a contra-

diction.

5. The laws of Value, how modified in their application to retail

transactions .

CHAPTER II. Of Demand and Supply, in their relation to Value.

§ 1. Two conditions of Value: Utility, and Difficulty of Attainment

2. Three kinds of Difficulty of Attainment

3. Commodities which are absolutely limited in quantity

4. Law of their value, the Equation of Demand and Supply

5. Miscellaneous cases falling under this law

CHAPTER III. Of Cost of Production, in its relation to Value.

§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplication

without increase of cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Production 274

2. — operating through potential, but not actual, alterations of supply 275

-

CHAPTER IV. Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production.

§ 1. Principal element in Cost of Production-Quantity of Labour

2. Wages not an element in Cost of Production.