In Demosthenem Commentarii JOANNIS SEAGER. No. 109 Cambridge Prize Poems, for 1824 :-Greek Epigrammata : Greek and Latin .. Greek Inscriptions, from the Marbles in the Library of Trinity Coll., Cambridge. Professor DOBREE 124 Literæ quædam ineditæ ex autographis inter schedas D'Orvillianas, in Bibl. Bodl. asservatas descriptæ .... 149 Notice of “ Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piemont, and Researches among the Vaudois, or Waldenses, Protestant Inhabitants of the Cottian Alps; Notice of “ Travels in Persia and other Countries of the East, by Sir W.OUSELEY, Knt.” .... Oxford English Prize Poem, for 1824 : The Arch of In Senecam Tragicum Variæ Lectiones ...... Notice of “Olympia; or Topography illustrative of the actual state of the Plain of Olympia, and of the Ruins of the City of Elis. By J. SPENCER STANHOPE, F.R.S.” 176 Oriental Literature :- Notices of, 1. An Essay towards the History of Arabia, antecedent to the birth of Ma- hommed. 2. Takyodini Ahmedis al-Makrizii Narratio de Expeditionibus a Græcis Francisque adversus Dimy- atham ab A. C. 708 ad 1221 susceptis. 3. Das Mu- hammedanische Mūnzkabinet des Asiatischen Museums, &c. 4. Die Chosroen-Münzen der frühern Arabischen Chalifen. 5. De Baschkiris quæ memoriæ prodita sunt ab Ibn-Foszlano et Jakuto. 6. De Chasaris, excerpta danæ Monumenta varia. 8. De Antiquis quibusdam Sculpturis et Inscriptionibus in Siberia repertis Prof. SCHLEGEL's History of the Elephant and Sphinx; with Classical and Oriental Remarks Some Account of an Excursion from Rome to Horace's Cambridge English Prize Poem, for 1821:-Athens. On the Pyramids of Egypt. Part v. Observations on the Excerpta from the Scholia of Pro- clus on the Cratylus of Plato, by Prof. BOISSONADE. Notice of “ BAGster's Scripture Harmony" Classical Criticism : Prof. Porson's Derivation of 'Eyu A. H. L. Heerenii Dissertatio de Chori Græcorum Tragici Natura et Indole, ratione argumenta habita. Part 11. 257 Duæ RUHNKENII Epistolæ Ineditæ, a cl. CAR. MOR- GENSTERNIO nunc in lucem prolatæ In Demosthenem Commentarii JOANNIS SEAGER. No. 265 Notice of “ Anti-Tooke; or an Analysis of the Principles and Structure of Language, exemplified in the English Notice of « Travels in Persia and other Countries of the East, by Sir W. OUSELEY, Knt." Part 11. ........ 279 Latin Prize Poem: Paulus ad fidem conversus. On the Various Readings of the Hebrew Bible. Letter iv. 297 Emendations of the text of Plato E. H. BARKERi Dissertatio de Variis Bassis, quorum mentio in veteribus Scriptoribus et Monumentis facta est 306 The Arithmetic of the Holy Scriptures. Part vi. ...... 321 Biblical Criticism : On the 1st and 2nd chapters of St. Mat- which have been urged on the subject. By LATHAM WAINEWRIGHT, M. A. No. II..... Extracts from neglected Books : Baptistæ Mantuani Car- melitæ Adolescentia, seu Bucolica-Francisci. Petrarchæ Æglogæ-Metrical Conceit-Pugna Porcorum • 333 Is the Nightingale the Herald of Day as well as the Mes- On Fables, and the Eastern Sciences The Meaning of St. Paul i Cor. xi. 10. clearly esta- blished on the Authority of the Scriptures, of the Fa- thers, and of D. Heinsius and Joseph Mede, without any alteration or interpolation of the Sacred Text. E. Remarks on a Passage of Polyænus Literæ Quædam Ineditæ ex Autographis inter* schedas D’Orvillianas, in Bibl. Bodl. adservatas descriptæ. No. Notice of “ Bibliotheca Biblica; a select List of Books on Sacred Literature; with notices, biographical, cri- tical, and bibliographical; by W. ORME Notice of “ Acta Apostolorum. Variorum Notis tum dic- tionem túni materiam illustrantibus suas adjecit Has- Answer to an Extract of a Letter from Mr. Walckenaer, inserted in Class. Journ. No. Lix. Westminster Prologue and Epilogue 'to the Phornio of Terence : for December, 1824...... Notice of Prof. BOISSONADE's Publications .......... 402 Notice of “ The Death of Demosthenes: a Tragedy—in prose. Translated from the modern Greek by Gre- THE CLASSICAL JOURNAL; N. LIX. SEPTEMBER, 1824. ON EMBASSIES TO CHINA. BY M. KLAPROTH. a Russia concluded in 1728 a treaty with China, by which the frontiers between the two empires were definitively settled, and a reciprocal commerce was established between them on solid basis. After the perusal of this treaty, which contains nothing humiliating to Russia, we should deceive ourselves if we were to suppose that that power is regarded by China as its equal. Even in the treaty itself there is nothing that can induce us to presume that China arrogates to itself a supremacy over Russia ; but if we read the description of that empire in the official geography of the Mandchoux, we shall find that the monarchy of the Czars is treated as a state that has submitted to the prince who governs the Central Empire. Even the custom by which they are to receive the ambassadors, and the Russian tribute, is there specified according to the Chinese regulation. Diplomatists will, perhaps, reply, that as China has never received the smallest mark of submission from Russia, this ridiculous vanity of the Chinese ought to be treated with the contempt which every pretension that cannot be maintained ought to be treated. But these diplomatists would be in error, according to the Chinese, and in the eyes of Europeans capable of judging the question. For according to the opinion prevalent with the Chinese, VOL. XXX. Cl. Jl. NO. LIX. A every foreign power that sends to them an embassy, recognises by such act, their submission to the Emperor.' In Chinese this act of submission is described by the words lai tchhao, “ to come and render homage.” This expression is generally applied to the first embassy of any power; the embassies that succeed are designated by the terms lai koung, “to come and bring tribute.” If we consult the Chinese annals, we shall see, that in the 166th year of our era, the Roman Emperor Antoninus (Marcus Aurelius) sent an embassy that offered tribute to Houon-ti, of the dynasty of the Han; that in the year 284 another brought it to the Tsin, and that the same event happened in 637, and in 719. It will be found also, that Spain has submitted ever since 1576, Holland ever since 1653, and the Pope ever since 1725. In the explanation of a map of the world, published at Peking in 1794, we read: “In the 58th year of Khian Loung (1793), the English, who are situated at the north-west extremity of the world, and who in former times had never penetrated to China, crossed the two oceans, to come and render homage to the Emperor.” The second deputation of the English will be treated in the annals of China, as having brought tribute. Thus it is seen, that the mission of an embassy is a mark of submission, and that the presents which they bring are considered as due to the Emperor; so that they are called koung, “ vectigalia, tributa.” Koung signifies generally, every thing that an inferior offers to a natural superior. We are aware that many think, that for political or commercial interests we inay be allowed to shut our eyes at the arrogant vanity of the Chinese, provided the embassy obtains its proposed object. We might, indeed, be induced to be of this opinion, if it were not an incontrovertible fact, that an embassy to China can never accomplish its object. The Chinese, far from negociating with the ambassadors of foreign powers, consider them as messengers come, on the behalf of their masters, to present his respects and the tribute due to his superior. The fixed and immutable mode of treating with the Chinese governments, is that of transmitting in writing the demands to The same ridiculous vanity prevails at Marocco: 'a late Emperor declared war against every European power that did not send an ambassador or a consul with a present to Tangier. These presents are considered as homage; and it is a common observation among the people of that country to say, that the Christian powers make presents in homage ; or in other words, not voluntarily, but (v zimminhume) by compulsion. |