Essentials of Economic Theory: As Applied to Modern Problems of Industry and Public PolicyMacmillan, 1907 - 566 стор. About economic theories and their applications. |
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Essentials of Economic Theory as Applied to Modern Problems of Industry and ... John Bates Clark Попередній перегляд недоступний - 2015 |
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actual adjustment amount of labor arbitration become benefit capitalist carrying cause cent charges cheaper commodity competition condition consumers create dollars duction dynamic earnings economic effect employers enlargement entrepreneur establishment fact field fixed force freight fund gains ginal important improvement income increase industry influences instruments intensive margin invention kind labor and capital land larger laws of value less machine Malthusian manufacturing marginal means measure ment mill monopoly movement natural nomic organization output perfect competition permanent population product of labor productive power profit progress quantity railroad rate of pay raw material reduce rent represents result rivals secure sell social social capital society standard static strike subgroup sumers supply tend term things tion trade union traffic union unit of labor variable costs wages and interest wealth whole workers
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Сторінка 566 - The volume is one of rare thoughtfulness and insight. It is a calm, penetrating study .of the trend of civilization and of our part in it, as seen in the light of history and of evolutionary philosophy."— The Chicago Tribune.
Сторінка 566 - Giddings shows itself to the best advantage. The problems of anthropology and ethnology are also fully and ably handled. Of the other parts I like best of all the discussion of tradition and of social choices ; on these topics he shows the greatest originality. I have not the space to take up these or other doctrines in detail, nor would such work be of much value. A useful book must be read to be understood.
Сторінка 37 - In all stages of social development the economic motives that actuate men remain essentially the same. All men seek to get as much net service from material wealth as they can. The more wealth they have, other things remaining the same, the better off they are, and the more personal sacrifice they are compelled to undergo in the securing of the wealth, the worse off they are. Some of the benefit received is neutralized by the sacrifice incurred; but there is a net surplus of gains not thus cancelled...
Сторінка 253 - Hitherto it is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened the day's toil of any human being. They have enabled a greater population to live the same life of drudgery and imprisonment, and an increased number of manufacturers and others to make fortunes.
Сторінка 138 - ... the forms of the capital change so as to allow the nine units to use it advantageously, the product will not be reduced to nine-tenths of its former size, but it will still be reduced : and the amount of the diminution measures the amount of product that can be attributed to one unit of bare labour. Or we may add a certain number of workmen to a social force already at work, making no change in the amount of the capital — though changing its forms — and see how much additional product we...
Сторінка 356 - Professor JB Clark was still writing: 'If the patented article is something which society without a patent system would not have secured at all - the inventor's monopoly hurts nobody. . . . His gains consist in something which no one loses, even while he enjoys them.
Сторінка 193 - ... For an interesting variant on these views of statics see Knight, PA, "Risk, Uncertainty and Profit," 1921, Ch. 5. ously within the economic regime were either considered unimportant, or of that quantitative type that affected in no wise the premises of the reasoner. For one group it seemed true that "the actual form of a highly dynamic society hovers relatively near to its static model, though it never conforms to it" ; 23 for another dynamics represented a transition stage that was to statics...
Сторінка 253 - At its introduction an economical device often forces some men to seek new occupations, but it never reduces the general demand for labor. As progress closes one field of employment, it opens others, and it has come about that after a century and a quarter of brilliant invention and of rapid and general substitution of...
Сторінка 566 - The question which most interests both Professor Giddings and his readers is the application of his facts, his sociology, and his prophecy, to the future of the American Empire. . . . The reader will rise from it with a broader charity and with a more intelligent hope for the welfare of his country.
Сторінка 303 - The machine itself is often a hopeless specialist. It can do one minute thing and that only, and when a new and better device appears for doing that one thing, the machine has to go, and not to some new employment, but to the junk heap. There is thus taking place a considerable waste of capital in consequence of mechanical and other progress.