should be given to argument than to diction and delivery. Each speaker should be allowed six minutes for his main speech and two minutes for a separate refutation speech.

Exercise III. 1. How to Get Unity in an Argument of Length.

2. How to Get Coherence in an Argument of Length.

3. How to Get Emphasis in an Argument of Length.

4. Choice of Refutation.

5. Placing of Refutation.

6. Phrasing of Refutation.

7. Teamwork in Gathering Material.

8. Teamwork in Making a Brief.

9. Teamwork in Oral Practice.

10. Attitude of a Debater.

READING LESSON IX

INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

1. From a eulogy delivered by John Hay at the official exercises commemorative of President McKinley:

"For the third time the Congress of the United States are assembled to commemorate the life and death of a President slain by the hand of an assassin. The attention of the future historian will be attracted to the features which reappear with startling sameness in all three of these awful crimes: the uselessness, the utter lack of consequence of the act; the obscurity, the insignificance of the criminal; the blamelessness so far as in our sphere of existence the best of men may be held blameless — of the victim. dered Presidents had an enemy in the world; democratic instincts who could never have offended the most jealous advocates of equality; they were of kindly and generous nature, to whom wrong or injustice was impossible; of moderate fortune, whose slender means nobody could envy. They were men of austere virtue, of tender heart, of eminent abilities, which they had devoted with single minds to the good of the Republic. If ever men walked before God and men without blame, it was these three rulers of our people."

Not one of our murthey were all men of

2. From The New South by Henry W. Grady:

"There was a South of slavery and secession that South is dead. There is a South of union and freedom that South, thank God, is living, breathing, growing every hour.' These words, delivered from the immortal lips of Benjamin H. Hill, at Tammany Hall, in 1866, true then, and truer now, I shall make my text to-night."

3. From The Man with the Muck-rake, by Theodore Roosevelt: "In Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck-rake, the man who could look no way but downward, with the muck-rake in his hand; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck-rake; but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor.

"In Pilgrim's Progress the Man with the Muck-rake is set forth

as the example of him whose vision is fixed on carnal instead of on spiritual things. Yet he also typifies the man who in this life consistently refuses to see aught that is lofty, and fixes his eyes with solemn intentness only on that which is vile and debasing. Now it is very necessary that we should not flinch from seeing what is vile and debasing. There is filth on the floor, and it must be scraped up with the muck-rake; and there are times and places where this service is the most needed of all the services that can be performed. But the man who never does anything else, who never thinks or speaks or writes save of his feats with the muck-rake, speedily becomes, not a help to society, not an incitement to good, but one of the most potent forces for evil."

4. Introduction to an oration on Abraham Lincoln, by Booker T. Washington.

"You ask that which he found a piece of property and turned into a free American citizen to speak to you to-night on Abraham Lincoln. I am not fitted by ancestry or training to be your teacher to-night, for, as I have stated, I was born a slave.

"My first knowledge of Abraham Lincoln came in this way. I was awakened early one morning before the dawn of day as I lay wrapt in a bundle of rags on the dirt floor of our slave cabin, by the prayers of my mother, just before leaving for her day's work, as she was kneeling over my body, earnestly praying that Abraham Lincoln might succeed, and that one day she and her boy might be free. You give me the opportunity here this evening to celebrate with you and the nation the answer to that prayer."

5. Introduction to Roosevelt's Address on "The Strenuous Life":

"In speaking to you, men of the greatest city of the West, men of the State which gave to the country Lincoln and Grant, men who preeminently and distinctly embody all that is most American in the American character, I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife, to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these wins the splendid ultimate triumph.”

6. Introduction to an oration on Decoration Day by Chauncey M. Depew:

"At the Centennial Exhibition was a picture remarkable for its naturalness and the story it portrayed. It was the Battle of Monmouth. An aged fifer, his gray locks streaming in the wind, with eager step was leading his company on to the fray. A drummer boy by his side was looking anxiously into the old man's eyes, and catching from him the tune and the step of the music of liberty. So upon this day, from the lives and the deeds of the men who fought in the great Civil War, from the causes for which they died and the results which they achieved, we take our step and learn our lesson of how to preserve and perpetuate the union of these States."

7. Webster concludes his speech before the Agricultural Society of England:

"With respect to the occasion which has called us together, I beg to repeat the gratification which I have felt in passing a day in such a company, and to conclude with the most fervent expression of my wish for the prosperity and usefulness of the Agricultural Society of England.”

8. Conclusion to an appeal by David Dudley Field in behalf of the Children's Aid Society:

"This paper has already reached the limit intended. It has not gone into particulars; on the contrary, it has been carefully confined to certain general propositions. Their development and execution are matters of detail. The aim of the article is attained if it has helped to impress upon the reader this lesson, partly social and partly political: take care of the children, and the men and women will take care of themselves."

9. From William Jennings Bryan's reply to the Notification Committee, Campaign of 1900:

"I conceive a national destiny surpassing the glories of the present and the past a destiny which meets the responsibilities of to-day and measures up to the possibilities of the future. Behold a Republic resting securely upon the foundation stone quarried by revolutionary

patriots from the mountain of eternal truth. . . . Behold a Republic in which civil and religious liberty stimulates all to earnest endeavor, and in which the law restrains every hand uplifted for a neighbor's injury — a Republic in which every citizen is a sovereign, but in which no one cares to wear a crown. Behold a Republic standing erect while empires all around are bowed beneath the weight of their own armaments a Republic whose flag is loved while other flags are only feared. Behold a Republic increasing in population, in wealth, in strength, and in influence, solving the problems of civilization and hastening the coming of a universal brotherhood Republic which shakes thrones and dissolves aristocracies by its silent example, and gives light and inspiration to those who sit in darkness. Behold a Republic gradually but surely becoming the supreme factor in the world's progress and the accepted arbiter of the world's disputes a Republic whose history, like the path of the just, ‘is as the shining light that shineth more and more unto the perfect day.""

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10. Conclusion to Concord Oration" by George William Curtis. In the body of his address, he described the way in which the Minute Men of the Revolution had vanquished their enemies:

"No royal governor, indeed, sits in yon stately capitol, no hostile fleet for many a year has vexed the waters of our coasts, nor is any army but our own ever likely to tread our soil. Not such are our enemies to-day. They do not come, proudly stepping to the drumbeat, with bayonets flashing in the morning sun. But wherever party spirit shall strain the ancient guaranties of freedom; or bigotry and ignorance shall lay their fatal hands on education; or the arrogance of caste shall strike at equal rights; or corruption shall poison the very springs of national life, there, Minute Men of Liberty, are your Lexington Green and Concord Bridge. And as you love your country and your kind, and would have your children rise up and call you blessed, spare not the enemy. Over the hills, out of the earth, down from the clouds, pour in resistless might. Fire from every rock and tree, from door and window, from hearthstone and chamber. Hang upon his flank from morn till sunset, and so, through a land blazing with indignation, hurl the hordes of ignorance and corruption and injustice back, — back in utter defeat and ruin."