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and so finally effective, that the genius of civilised Rome, repeatedly endangered by their hostilities, was at last subdued by their superior energies.

These two states seem to have been in all ages so contemporaneous, and to have pervaded the world so equally together, and in such constant vicinity, that history has recorded no era, since the separation of mankind at Babel, in which either has been extinct. On the contrary, the settler and the wanderer; the restless and the tranquil; the hunter Indian; the pastoral Tartar; the Arab plunderer, and the polished lover of city habits and of peaceful life, have, under different denominations of tribes and nations, at all times co-existed. As far as history ascends, the world has been agitated and benefited by the perpetual diversity. This fact of their unceasing co-existence confirms the idea, that the Nomadic were originally but branches of the civilised, as the migratory settlers on the Ohio and Missouri in our days are the effusions of other states, more advanced and improved: and, but that such men cannot now go, where civilisation from its commanding extent, and with its transforming effects, will not soon pursue them, their posterity would become the Scythians and Goths of modern times; and exhibit an example of the formation of new barbaric tribes.

The nations that appeared the earliest in the civilised state, were the Egyptians, Phænicians, Assyrians, Chinese, and Babylonians; and these have never been known in the Nomadic or barbaric state. In a later age, partly offsets from these, or from a kindred seed, the Carthaginians, Greeks, Persians, Hindoos, and Romans emerged; of whom the Greeks and Romans began, at first, to act in their uncivilised condition.

Some of these nations-both of the earlier and the later improved the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and

Greeks, either visited Britain, or were acquainted with it; and the Romans ultimately conquered and occupied it. But the great masses of the populations, which have successively planted themselves in the British islands, have sprung from the Nomadic classes. The earliest of these that reached the northern and western confines of Europe, the Kimmerians and Kelts, may be regarded as our first ancestors; and from the German or Gothic nations who formed, with the Scythians, the second great flood of population into Europe, our Anglo-Saxon and Norman ancestors proceeded. The Sarmatic, or third Nomadic race, have never effected any settlements among us ; nor reached those states of the continent from which they could have troubled us. England has seen them only as visitors and friends.

The migrations by land precede those by sea. The facilities of movement are greater: while the ocean is a scene of danger, that repels adventure, as long as other avenues of hope, or safety, are as accessible. But the chronology of these transplantations cannot now be determined. It is most probable, that population advanced contemporaneously, though not with an equal ratio, from both land and sea. The seacoasts, nearest to the first civilised states, were gradually visited and peopled, as Greece from Egypt and Tyre; and the islands of the Archipelago and the Mediterranean, as well as Africa and Spain, were colonised by the Phoenicians. But the greatest waves of population have rolled inland from the east. Tribe after tribe moved over the Bosphorus into Europe, until at length the human race penetrated its forests and morasses to the frozen regions in the north, and to the farthest shores of the ocean on the west. Our islands derived their population chiefly from branches of the inland hordes of Europe, though the habitual visits of the maritime nations of antiquity, the Pho

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nicians and Carthaginians, and their Spanish settlements, were not likely to have occurred without leaving some colonial and permanent results.3

It is highly interesting to an Englishman, who has sprung from the uncivilised races of antiquity, to contemplate the deities and sculptures of Egypt in the courtyard and entrance hall of the British Museum. He there sees the venerated productions of the earliest civilised nation reposing in the metropolis of the descendants of one of the earth's most distant Nomadic tribes. When Egypt was in her splendour, England was barbaric and unknown, and scarcely suspected to be existing at the supposed end of the habitable world. England has now reached one of the highest summits of human civilisation; and Egypt has sunk into our ancestors' darkest state, without their free and hardy virtues. Osiris and Isis transported from the worshipping Nile to the Thames, to be but the gaze and criticism of public curiosity! The awing head of Memnon in London!! There is a melancholy sublimity in this revolution of human greatness, yet soon changing into a feeling of triumph in the recollection, that were Egypt now in her proudest state, she would not be, in any thing, our superior. Indeed she would rather be in the comparison no less inferior to us in the present state of our arts, sciences, manufactures, commerce, cultivated mind, and national greatness, than our barbaric ancestors would have been deemed by her in the period of her Rhameses, Sesostris, and Amenoph, and of the other great monarchs with whom their gigantic temples and deciphered inscriptions have lately brought us acquainted.

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The Kimmerian and Keltic Nations were the earliest Inhabitants of the West of Europe. — A brief Outline of their Migrations and Expeditions. — Settlement of their Colonies in Britain. Welsh Traditions on this Subject.

FROM the languages already remarked to have prevailed in Europe, we have clear indications of the three distinct and successive streams of population, to which we have alluded, because we find two separate families of languages to have pervaded the northern and western regions; with a third, on its eastern frontier, each family being peculiar to certain states. These three languages may be classed under the general names of the Keltic, the Gothic, and the Slavonic; and from the localities in which we find them, and from the names of the ancient nations who are first recorded to have inhabited those local. ities, they may be also called the Kimmerian, the Scythian, and the Sarmatian. Of these, the Welsh, the Gaelic, the Irish, the Cornish, the Armoric, the Manks, and the ancient Gaulish tongue, are the related languages which have proceeded from the KгмMERIAN or KELTIC Source. The Anglo-Saxon, the Franco-theotisc, the Mæso-gothic, and the Islandic of former times; and the present German, Suabian, Swiss, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Orkneyan, English, and Lowland Scotch, are ramifications of the great GOTHIC or SCYTHIAN stock. The third genus of European languages, the ancient Sarmatian, or modern Slavonic, appears in the present Polish and Russian, and in their adjacent dialects.

The languages classed under each of the above

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heads are so visibly related together, as to make so many distinct families, issuing from the same parent stocks; but each stem is so dissimilar to the others, as to mark a different source and chronology of origin. The local positions in Europe of the different nations using these tongues, are also evidence of their successive chronology. The Keltic or Kimmerian is in the farthest part of the west, in the British islands, and on the western shores of France. The Scythian or Gothic languages occupy the great body of the European continent, from the ocean to the Vistula, and have spread into England. In the eastern parts of Europe, most contiguous to Asia, and also extending into Asia, the Sarmatian or Slavonic tongues are diffused. So that we perceive at once, that the Kimmerian or Keltic nations, to have reached the westerly position, must have first inhabited Europe; that the Scythian or Gothic tribes must have followed next, and have principally peopled it; and that the Sarmatian or Slavonic peoplehave been the latest colonists. Other nations have entered it at more recent periods, as the Huns and the Romans; and some others have established partial settlements, as the Lydians in Tuscany; the Greeks at Marseilles, and in Italy; the Phoenicians and Carthaginians in Spain. But the three stocks, already noticed, are clearly the main sources of the ancient population of the European continent, in its northern and western portions.

The most authentic accounts of ancient history confirm the preceding statement.

That the Kimmerians were in Europe before the Scythian tribes, we learn from the information of Herodotus, the father of Grecian history. He states, apparently from the information of the Scythians themselves, that the Kimmerians anciently possessed those regions in Europe which the Scythians were

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