as to fill the hole: a train is laid and fired, and presently the explosion takes place, rending away the mass of rock. The loose column of sand is not blown out of the hole, leaving the rock unshaken, but it keeps its place, until it compels the solid rock to yield unto its singular power. The discoverer of these facts, relating to the flow of sand in the hour-glass, makes the following observations: "There is perhaps no other natural force on the earth which produces by itself a perfectly uniform movement, and which is not altered either by gravitation, or the friction, or resistance of the air: for the height has no influence; friction, in place of being an obstacle, is the regulating cause; and the resistance of the air within the column must be so feeble as to be altogether insensible as a disturbing force." [Magazine of Popular Science.] BODY AND SOUL. THE free and active spirit, by which we think and act, hath properties which have induced the reasoners of every age and country, to allow it to be immortal. On looking into ourselves, on finding conscience, memory, and thought, in all its various modes, and wonderful methods of manifestation, working their several tasks independent of everything without, we derive from the very constitution of our being, from our own simple individual consciousness, a proof which not the sophistry of hell itself can gainsay, that our souls shall defy the power of time, and never be holden by the grave, or fall under the hand of death. The life of the soul is an essential life. Its motions are demonstrations of life, and its activity No figure, no image of mortality applies to the soul. Though darkness may come over it, it diminishes not its energies; and though time may change its habits of willing or deciding, it makes no change in its state or constitution. never ceases. But vast is the difference when we look at the body; week, corruptible, and decaying, destitute of power, except that which is given it; motionless, till the mind gives it motion; unconscious, till the mind gives it consciousness; it partakes in all its habits and principles of the dull, gross matter, which forms the bulk of the unconscious earth. Time wears it like a blighting wind, disease twists and tortures its internal machinery, till the fabric falls to ruin: a little wrong mingling of its fluids, a momentary pause in the pulses of its organs, reduces it to a state of torpor. Then comes death, and in a few days, the brightest, the loveliest of forms, the countenance that won all hearts by its sweetness, the graceful, firm-set limb, that the sculptor and the painter would employ their best skill to imitate, are covered with the heavy dews of corruption. The hours have to be numbered, how long the wreck of humanity may be looked at by the human eye; and these nours are few. Decay hastens its work darkly and fearfully. The nerves of the strongest shrink at beholding its progress, and the frame broken up and marred, is hurried into the grave. There the forces of the earth operate around it; limb is let loose from limb; the eye falls from its socket; the shrivelled, or dissolving mass, becomes broken into clods, and in a little time the clod drops into formless dust. And taking a handful of that dust, and flinging it up into the air, we shall see that the wind will scatter it like the common dust of the highway; and then human reason may well ask, Is this the body of a man? And how shall the bodies of men arise? Let WOMEN are formed for attachment. Their gratitude is unimpeachable. Their love is an unceasing fountain of delight to the man who has once attained it, and knows how to deserve it. But that very keenness of sensibility which, if well cultivated, would prove the source of your highest enjoyment, may grow to bitterness and wormwood if you fail to attend to it or abuse it.-HOGG. TAKE care thou be not made a fool by flatterers, for even the wisest men are abused by these. Know therefore, that flatterers are the worst kind of traitors; for they will strengthen thy imperfections, encourage thee in all evils, correct thee in nothing, but so shadow and paint all thy vices and follies, as thou shalt never, by their will, discern evil from good, or vice from virtue: and because all men are apt to flatter themselves, to entertain the additions of other men's praises, is most perilous. Do not therefore praise thyself, except thou wilt be counted a vain-glorious fool, neither take delight in the praise of other men, except thou deserve it, and receive it from such as are worthy and honest, and will withal warn thee of thy faults; for flatterers have never any virtue, they are ever base, creeping, cowardly persons. A flatterer is said to be a beast that biteth smiling; it is said by Isaiah in this manner: My people, they that praise thee, seduce thee, and disorder the paths of thy feet: and David desired God to cut out the tongue of a flatterer. But it is hard to know them from friends, they are so obsequious and full of protestations; for as a wolf resembles a dog, so doth a flatterer a friend. A flatterer is compared to an ape, who because she cannot defend the house like a dog, labour as an ox, or bear burdens as a horse, doth therefore yet play tricks, and provoke laughter. Thou mayest be sure that he that will in private tell thee thy faults, is thy friend, for he adventures thy dislike, and doth hazard thy hatred; for there are few men that can endure it, every man for the most part delighting in selfpraise, which is one of the most universal follies that be witcheth mankind.—SIR Walter Raleigh. VARIOUS SPECIES OF THE ELEPHANT. THERE is a greater difference than is generally supposed in the conformation of the two living species of Elephants, namely, the African and the Asiatic; and the fossil Elephant or Mammoth, in like manner, differs from both the others. The engravings represent the sculls of the three species. Fig. 1 is the head of the Mammoth; it is much more pointed on the summit than that of either of the other species; its trunk also must have been much larger, if we may judge from the size and prominence of the bony support to which it has been attached; there is also a great difference in the formation of the teeth, and the hide was thickly covered with coarse hair. Chaumont, in France, and a medical man named Mazurier, exhibited those which were perfect, at Paris and other places: to make the story more wonderful, his exhibition was accompanied by a little pamphlet, in which it was stated that they had been found in a tomb thirty feet in length, over which was the inscription (Teutobochus Rex,) the name of a king of the Cimbri, who fought against the Roman Marius. The Indian Elephant is found on both sides of the Ganges, in the southern part of China, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and all the larger East Indian islands; it has never been found in Africa, is larger than the African species, and appears to be much more readily tamed. The African species is found in a great portion of that continent from the coast of Guinea to the Cape of Good Hope, but few attempts seem to have been made to force it to submit to the will of man, and it is chiefly sought after on account of the value of its ivory. The head of the Indian Elephant, fig. 2, resembles the last species much more than the African in its great elevation, but it is distinguished by being more rounded at the summit; the bone which supports the trunk is also less prominent. The ears in this species are much smaller than those of the African Elephant, and the tusks do not grow to so great a size. In the female they are seldom to be seen without turning the lip on one side, and on this account it is generally believed that the female is unprovided with tusks. rounder; the ears are extremely large and hang down the shoulders; it is much smaller than the last, and both sexes are furnished with very large tusks. The native country of the Mammoth, and the cause of the destruction of its race, is a problem which, perhaps, will never be solved, but the remains of this stupendous creature have been found in almost every part of the northern hemisphere of the globe, in Europe, Asia, and America. When the enormous bones of this animal were first discovered, people were so little acquainted with comparative anatomy, that they were supposed to be the bones of giants; and designing men, taking advantage of this belief, exhibited collections of them for money. In 1613, some of these bones were found near the Chateau of INDIAN TRADITION OF THE GREAT THE following tradition of the American Indians, concerning the Great Buffalo, or Mammoth, of ancient days, is given by Mr. Peale, in his account of the fossil remains of the Mammoth found in North America, in 1801. As Mr. Peale remarks, "the language of this tradition is certainly English, and, perhaps, a little too highly dressed, but the ideas are truly Indian." Ten thousand moons ago, when nought but gloomy forests covered this land of the sleeping sun; long before the pale men, with thunder and fire at their command, rushed on the wings of the wind to ruin this garden of nature; when nought but the untamed wanderers of the woods, and men as unrestrained as they, were the lords of the soil; a race of animals existed, huge as the frowning precipice, cruel as the bloody panther, swift as the descending eagle, and terrible as the angel of night. The pines crashed beneath their feet, and the lake shrunk when they slaked their thirst; the forceful javelin in vain was hurled, and the barbed arrow fell harmless from their side. Forests were laid waste at a meal; the groans of expiring animals were every where heard, and whole villages, inhabited by men, were destroyed in a moment. The cry of universal distress at length extended even to the region of peace in the west, and the good Spirit interposed to save the unhappy. The forked lightning gleamed around, and loudest thunder rocked the globe! The bolts of heaven were hurled upon the cruel destroyers alone, and the mountains echoed with the bellowings of death. All were killed except one male, the fiercest of the race, and him, even the artillery of the skies assailed shades the source of the Monangahela, and, roaring in vain. He ascended the bluest summit which aloud, bid defiance to every vengeance. The red lightning scorched the lofty firs, and rived the knotty oaks, but only glanced upon the enraged monster. At length, maddened with fury, he leaped the uncontrolled monarch of the wilderness. waves of the west at a bound, and this moment reigns LONDON: over the THE NAVIGATION OF THE MIDDLE AGES. THE ARABIANS. THE details, which have hitherto occupied our attention on the subject of Navigation, have had reference generally to periods prior to the final overthrow of the Roman empire, an event which has formed one of the most remarkable eras in the history of the world. It is scarcely too much to say, that, when the Roman empire was at the zenith of its greatness, the whole known world was subject to its sway; for we shall remember that the term "known world," will have a different signification at different times. America was then unknown:-Africa was then unknown, except those countries bordering on the Mediterranean and Red Seas; and also those countries which now rank for local extent as the largest in the world-India, China, and Russia, were almost entirely unknown in those times; so that nearly all, which were recognized as inhabitable and inhabited countries, were under Roman domination. This gigantic power had, however, the seeds of dissolution within itself. Distant provinces could not be governed without the maintenance of armies in such numbers, and of such vast extent, that the mother country was first drained, and then served only by foreigners; and all the useful arts, whether agricultural, or otherwise, fell into decay. Besides this, the aspiring ambition of the different generals frequently led them to assume sovereignty on their own account, and to shake off the authority of the country which sent them out. The scriptural expression, that "a house, divided against itself, falleth," was fully verified in the case of the Roman empire; for the want of unity of purpose and of combined operation weakened this overgrown empire, and made her an easier prey to the barbarians of the north-east of Europe. We shall now continue our sketch of the progress of naval affairs, from about the beginning of the sixth century. About this period, the eastern, or Constantinopolitan portion of the dismembered Roman empire, was assailed by the Saracens, a nation occupying a portion of what is now called Arabia. Mathuvius, a Saracen chief, fitted out a powerful fleet and conquered the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean, which had formerly belonged to the eastern empire, and then seized upon the island of Rhodes, from whence he VOL. XIII. conveyed away the materials, of which the famous Colossus of Rhodes had been formed. This stupendous figure was made of brass, and passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles at the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed in and out in full sail beneath it. It was about one hundred and five feet high. It did not stand many years before it was overturned by an earthquake, 224 B. c.: and, as the Rhodians had a superstitious opinion that it should never afterwards be used for any other purpose, they allowed the fallen statue to remain on the ground: the Saracens, however, had no such scruples; they broke up the statue, and loaded nine hundred camels with the metal, which they sold to a Jewish merchant for 36,000l. English, It is related of this image, that a winding stair-case ran to the top, from which the distant shores of Syria, and the ships of Egypt as they traversed the bay of Alexandria, could be discerned by means of glasses suspended from the neck of the statue. It had remained in ruins for nearly 900 years, although the people of Rhodes had collected large sums of money for its repair. This money, however, they seem to have appropriated; which was, perhaps, the true reason why they feigned or felt reluctance to raise up the image, and pretended that the oracle of Delphi forbade it. When the Arabians, in their rapid career of conquest, had reached the Euphrates, they immediately perceived the advantages to be derived from an emporium situated upon a river, which opened on the one hand a shorter route to India than they had hitherto had, and on the other, an extensive inland navigation through a wealthy country; and Bassora, which they built on the west bank of the river, A.D. 636, soon became a great commercial city, and entirely cut off the independent part of Persia from the Oriental trade. The Arabian merchants of Bassora extended their discoveries eastward, far beyond the tracks of all preceding navigators, and imported directly from the place of their growth, many Indian articles, hitherto procured at second hand in Ceylon; which they accordingly furnished on their own terms to the nations of the West. The victorious Arabs, by these events, had now deprived Heraclius, the emperor of the East, of the wealthy, and in some degree, commercial province of Syria. The little commerce now remaining to the Roman empire also fell 406 into their hands, with the city of Alexandria and the province of Egypt; and the road from Egypt to Medina was covered by a long train of camels, loaded with the corn which used to feed the city of Constantinople. A few years afterwards, the ancient canal between the Nile and the Red Sea is said to have been cleared out, and again rendered navigable, by Amrou, the Arabian conqueror and governor of Egypt, in order to furnish a shorter and cheaper conveyance for the corn and other bulky produce of the country. whom scarcely anything was at that time known to the western world. "When foreign vessels arrive at Can-fu, (supposed to be Canton,) the Chinese take possession of their cargoes, and store them in warehouses till the arrival of all the other ships which are expected, whereby they are sometimes detained six months. They then levy a tax of thirty per cent. on the goods in kind, and restore the remainder to the merchants. The emperor has a right of pre-emption, but his officers, fairly and immediately, pay for what he takes at the highest price of the articles. Chinese ships trade to Siraf by the Persian Gulf, and there take in goods brought from Bassora, Oman, and other places, to which they do not venture to proceed on account of the frequent storms and other dangers in that sea" From the account of their route, which is constantly along the shore, the Chinese of this age appear to be rather more timid navigators than the Arabs and Egyptian Greeks were, many centuries before. Sometimes there were four hundred Chinese vessels together, in the Persian Gulf, loaded with gold, silks, precious stones, musk, porcelain, copper, alum, nutmegs, cloves and cinnamon. Fresh attempts were also made by these people to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas by means of a navigable canal; a purpose sought to be accomplished in various ages of the world, by people who have given their attention to maritime affairs. The continent of Africa is a peninsula, connected with Asia by the Isthmus of Suez, which is about sixty miles long, and consists of sand. Many thousands of human beings have perished at different times in labouring to cut through this neck of land. The Ptolemies of Egypt, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Saracens, have all attempted, but failed, to effect the object. The French, when in Egypt, traced out the ancient line; and the union of the two seas has been deemed, in modern times, to be quite feasible; and many plans have been proposed for re-entirely to the Persian Gulf. suming the work. A long series of naval operations, in which the Saracens were concerned, succeeded, which we need not detail; but about the year 670, the Arabians, or Saracens, whose fleets now rode triumphant in the Mediterranean, and who had already taken possession of Cyprus, Rhodes, and many of the Grecian islands, laid siege, for the first time, to Constantinople. For seven years they annually renewed the siege by sea and land, with varying success, but were ultimately repulsed, after the loss of 30,000 men and most of their ships. Their defeat was, in a great measure, brought about by the invention of a peculiar mode of offensive warfare, called the Greck fire; which was then used for the first time by Callinicus, a Syrian Greek. Gibbon supposes that it consisted principally of naphtha, a kind of liquid pitch, which springs out of the earth, and catches fire when a light is applied to it: this was mixed with sulphur, and a kind of turpentine extracted from evergreen firs. Sometimes it was poured down from the ramparts from large boilers; sometimes javelins and arrows were wrapped round with tow dipped in this mixture; and at other times it was deposited in fire-ships, from which it was, by some contrivance, blown upon the enemy through long tubes. When once kindled, nothing could stop the flame: water fed, instead of damping it. The secret of its composition was not known to other nations for four hundred years. A. D. 730. The Christians of Europe were excluded from almost every channel by which the precious goods of the East had formerly been conveyed to them. An inveterate antipathy, heightened by mutual slaughters, and inflamed by religious bigotry, which made the Christians consider the Mahometans as the enemies of God, while they, on the other hand, abhorred the Christians as infidels, was almost an insuperable bar to commercial intercourse. But the mutual alienation produced little or no inconvenience to the Saracens, who found an ample scope for commercial enterprise within the vast extent of their own dominions. The scanty supply of oriental goods from the fairs of Jerusalem, and perhaps a few other privileged places, being very inadequate to the demand, some Arab merchants were tempted by the increased price, to traverse the vast extent of Asia in a latitude beyond the northern boundary of the Saracen power, and to import by caravans the silks of China, and the valuable spices of India; which, with the expense and risk of such a land carriage, must have cost a most enormous price when they reached Constantinople, where they were, notwithstanding, eagerly purchased by the luxurious and wealthy courtiers, whose demands for silk the manufacturers of Greece were not capable of supplying to their full extent. About the year 850, Solyman, an Arabian merchant, wrote an account of the state of the maritime commerce between the Arabians, Chinese, &c., from which we obtain the following particulars. The Arabian merchants had, by this time, extended their commerce and their discoveries in the East, far beyond the utmost knowledge of their own ancestors, the Greek merchants of Egypt, or the Ethiopian merchants of Aduli. Their vessels now traded to every part of the Asiatic continent, as far as the south coast of China, and to many of the islands. Solyman gives the following account of the Chinese, of At the period to which these accounts refer, the Arabians had removed their principal seat of commerce almost We should observe here, that Oman is the most eastern More pure in its shell than thy spirit in thee. luminous, referred to by the same poet of Nature, when Of her, who lies sleeping among the pearl islands, With nought but the sea-star to light up her tomb. The western boundary of Arabia was the Red Sea, the strait or passage into which was termed by the old Asiatic navigators, "the gate of tears:" for, owing to the danger of the navigation in these parts, and the many shipwrecks which occurred, the early Arabians reckoned as dead, and wore mourning for, all who had the boldness to hazard the voyage through it into the sea north of the Indian Ocean. It is curious also to observe that, according to the reports of the ancient Arabs, the whale was formerly a frequent visiter of the Persian Gulf. It is narrated by some navi gators that they saw there the strangest sight which they had ever beheld, which was the head of a fish, "that might be compared to a hill: its eyes were like two doors, so that people could go in at one eye and out at the other." When the Grecians under Nearchus, as noticed in our former paper*, had an opportunity of measuring a whale in these parts, they found it to be about ninety feet long, with a hide almost two feet thick, covered with shell-fish, barnacles, and sea-weeds, and attended by dolphins larger than they had seen in the Mediterranean. The west side of the Red Sea appears, about the end of the ninth century, to have been deprived of all foreign trade. The vessels from Siraf by the Persian Gulf, (and we hear of none from India,) delivered their cargoes at Judda, or Jidda, an Arabian port, which appears to have been not used when the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea was written. From thence the goods destined for Egypt, Europe, and Africa, were forwarded in vessels conducted by people acquainted with the navigation of the Red Sea, the many dangers of which deterred the foreign navigators from proceeding any further in those parts. We are told that the Red Sea coasters carried the goods to Cairo, which had now superseded Coptos, as the general deposit of merchandize upon the Nile; and if that be strictly true, the vessels must have proceeded through the canal, which was restored by Amrou, the Arabian conqueror of Egypt. Thus we find the trade of the Red Sea nearly fallen back to the state in which it was under the first Ptolemies; and also, if we except the conveyance by the canal, nearly in the state in which it has been for several hundred years past. The efforts which are now making, however, by the English, and by the enterprising Pacha of Egypt, to render the Red Sea a channel of communication between Europe and the East, promise to make those regions once more a busy scene of naval traffic. * See Saturday Magazine, Vol. X.I., p. 205. The Saracens continued for a long period to maintain a naval superiority in the Mediterranean, whether for the purposes of war or of commerce. Some of the Saracenic vessels were of a very large size. About the year 970, Abderahman, the Saracen Sultan or Caliph of the greater part of Spain, built a vessel larger than had ever been seen before in those parts, and loaded her with innumerable articles of merchandize, to be sold in the eastern regions. On her way she met with a ship carrying despatches from the emir of Sicily to Almoez, a sovereign on the African coast, and pillaged it. Almoez, who was also sovereign of Sicily, which he governed by an emir or viceroy, fitted out a fleet, which took the great Spanish ship returning from Alexandria, loaded with rich wares for Abderahman's own use. Many other instances of ships of a very large size having been constructed by the Saracens, have been recorded; and it has been suggested as probable, that it was in imitation of those ships that the Christian Spaniards introduced the use of large ships, for which they were distinguished down to the time of Philip the Second, whose "Invincible Armada" consisted of ships much larger than the English vessels opposed to them. As an instance of the depressed state of human knowledge during the middle ages, we may mention that Cosmas, a Greek merchant of the sixth century, wrote a book called Christian Topography, the chief intent of which was to confute the heretical opinion of the earth being a globe, together with the pagan assertion that there was a temperate zone on the southern side of the torrid zone. He informed his readers that, according to the true orthodox system of cosmography, the earth was a quadrangular plane, extending four hundred courses, or days' journeys, from east to west, and exactly half as much from north to south, enclosed by lofty mountains upon which the canopy or vault of the firmament rested: that a huge mountain on the north side of the earth, by intercepting the light of the sun, produced the vicissitudes of day and night; and that the plane of the earth had a declivity from north to south, by reason of which the Euphrates, Tigris, and other rivers running southward are rapid; whereas the Nile, having to run up-hill, has necessarily a very slow current. Many other specimens of the blending of truth and fiction, or of the propagation of the latter alone, may be afforded. Massudi, who wrote a general history of the known world in the year 947, compares the earth to a bird, of which Mecca and Medina are the head, Persia and India the right wing, the land of Gog the left, and Africa the tail. from the cocoa-nut tree alone so many articles are convertible to use, as suffice not only to build and rig out a vessel, but to load her when she is completed and in trim to sail." The preparation of thread from the fibres of the cocoa-nut was a great source of trade with many of these islands. The nut is softened in water, and afterwards beaten with a mallet till it becomes quite flexible, when the fibre is spun out and twisted into ropes. The thread was used in compacting the ships of Arabia and India. The ships of India were, in old times, launched by means of elephants. It is related that one of these animals, being directed to force a very large vessel into the water, found the task exceed his strength; whereupon his master, in a severe tone, ordered the keeper to take away the lazy beast and bring forward another: the poor animal upon this instantly renewed his efforts, and in so doing fractured his skull and died upon the spot. The Arabians seem to have carried their exploratory endeavours into all regions and in all directions. Russia and its inhabitants are described, as people of more modern times have found them in the earlier state of their civilization. The daring of the Arabs was bounded by the Northern Ocean, which they termed "the sea of pitchy darkness." India was visited regularly, and the Hindoos served in a nautical and commercial relation, for the Hindoos had a superstitious horror of the sea. The interior parts of Africa likewise were sought out and described; and although fable may have insinuated itself into the more veracious narrative of the geographer and historian, yet enough remains to make us believe that attempts were made, if not absolutely followed up by success, to proceed on westward, and to reach some strange, wonderful, and immeasurably distant regions, which should be an eternal recompense to the daring and skilful mariners who should guide their prows to those shores. There belong to Welsh history some traditions respecting the adventures of Madoc, a prince of North Wales, who is said to have first discovered America at the latter end of the twelfth century. Owing to certain domestic contentions about the sovereignty, Madoc determined, as runs the thread of these traditions, to go out voyaging to a great distance, when he had procured men and ships with all necessaries. The ancient Britons were said to be very proficient in the art of navigation and all things pertaining thereunto. When they had been many weeks at sea, and had been much tossed about, they, at length, to their great joy, discovered land, which seemed at first sight like a cloud resting upon the distant waters. Seeing that it was quite steady, they concluded it to be land, and sailing towards it found it to be a fertile and pleasant country. Wales, and brought from home fresh men and ships, by means of which he stocked the country, and they all settled there; and he and the other adventurers were subsequently forgotten by the mother-country. But the most celebrated of the Arabian geographers was Al Edrisi, who flourished in the twelfth century. He divides the world into seven climates, beginning with the equator and going northwards; these climates are distin-Here they settled, and in course of time Madoc returned to guished by lines running from west to east, which resemble the lines of latitude on a modern map or globe. The mechanical division of the earth into climates was continued for many ages, until the accuracy of modern science came to adopt the parallels of latitude for marking off breadths on the earth's surface. This geographer supposed the earth to float in the ocean "like an egg in a basin of water." By his system he showed the world Built on circumfluous waters calm, in wide This ocean was considered, according to the prevalent notion, to be surrounded by clouds and thick darkness. He further says that, owing to the impossibility of passing the equator by reason of the heat, the known world consists of only one hemisphere, partly land and partly sea, all which is surrounded by the great sea, or ocean, as has just been mentioned. During these ages the Arabs visited the Chinese and the far-off nations of the East; and accounts of their intercourse with these people are handed down by various authors. These relations embrace not merely mercantile affairs, but observations of life and manners. One writer, speaking of the use to which the cocoa-nut is applied, says, "There are people at Oman, who cross over to the islands (the Laccadives) that produce the cocoa-nut, carrying with them carpenters and all such tools; and having felled as much wood as they want, they let it dry, strip off the leaves, and with the bark of the tree they spin a yarn, wherewith they sew the planks together, and so build a ship. Of the same wood they cut and round away a mast; of the leaves they weave their sails, and the bark they work into cordage. Having thus completed their vessel, they load her with Cocoa-nuts, which they bring and sell at Oman. Thus It is supposed that the part of the world which Madoc arrived at was a part of the vast continent of America, which the Spaniards appear to have afterwards first found out. The especial reason, which induces the moderns to consider the story of Madoc to be essentially true, is that so many of the words used by the Indians of those regions were found to be similar in sound and signification to the Welsh; this has led to those people being called Welsh Indians. They live about the fortieth degree of north latitude, and have been thrown back more westward by the encroachments of the Americans of the States. They were originally called Padoucas, or White Indians. We will now turn to the very remarkable narrative of Lieutenant Roberts, which, being coupled with the tradition cited above, will help us a good way to account for the early populating of America. "In the year 1801," says he, "being at Washington, in America, I happened to be at a hotel smoking my cigar, according to the custom of the country, and there was a young lad (a native of Wales), a waiter in the house, who displeased me by bringing me a glass of brandy and warm water instead of cold. I said to him jocosely, in Welsh, I'll give thee a good beating.' "There happened to be at the time in the same room one of the secondary Indian chiefs, who, on my pronouncing these words, rose up in a great hurry, stretching forth his hand at the same time; and the chief said that it was like wise his language, and the language of his father and mother, and of his nation. So it is the language of my father and mother, and of my country. Upon this the |