Osbaldistone in a burst of indignant eloquence,-"Speak out, sir, and do not Maister or Campbell me; my foot is on my native heath, and my name is Macgregor;" and the same author's description of Ellen Douglas in "The Lady of the Lake,"

"What though no rule of courtly grace

To measured mood had trained her pace,

A foot more light, a step more true,

Ne'er from the heath flower dashed the dew."

As a proof of the estimation in which the heath is held in Scotland, I may mention that the two well-known clans of McDonald and McAlister have adopted it for their badge or emblem, -the former having chosen the crossleaved heath (Erica tetralix), the latter the fine-leaved (Erica cinerea), to ornament their "bonnets."

I have selected the Ericas for this paper because they are as beautiful to the eye of the botanist as attractive to the entomologist who sallies forth, net in hand, upon an excursion to some neighbouring moor, and returns enraptured with his prizes. As an Irish woman I am especially proud of the heath tribe, numbering, as we do, two species of Ericas unknown as indigenous to the sister island. These are, first, Erica Mackaii, found at Connemara, and easily recognised by its brown ovate leaves, which are white upon their under surface, and which plant was found, curious to relate, on the Sierra del Paral, in Asturia, in the very same year that Mr. Mackay discovered it growing in its Irish habitat; and secondly, the Erica Mediterranea, which is a lover of boggy ground, and has been found on the Wiresbeg mountain at Connemara, covering a space of at least two acres in extent. From these two Irish heaths and two others found in Cornwall-the Cornish heath and the orange bell-Canon Kingsley has formed a sort of connecting link to prove that Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall, and Spain were all joined; and he mentions several other wild plants in proof of his theory. It is certain that the two Irish and two Cornish heaths all grow luxuriantly about Biarritz, upon the Spanish frontier; "all the moors are covered with Cornish heath, and the bogs with orange bell, and lovely they are; and growing among them a tall heath six feet high, which they call bruyère, or broom heath, because they make brooms of it, and out of its roots the briar-root pipes are made."* Erica tetralix is abundant in moory ground, and exquisite in foliage as well as flower.

Erica cinerea is sometimes found bearing whitish instead of purplish red blossoms. The Cornish heath, E. vagans, has lately been found near Tramore, in Ireland. Then we have the ciliated heath (E. ciliaris), met with near Corfe Castle (once famed for the gallant defence of its stronghold by the lady of the tower, in her lord's absence) and in Cornwall; the flowers of this heath are beautifully coloured, and the leaves fringed with hairs, each hair tipped with a gland. Last, but not least, we come to our heather, heath, or ling (Calluna vulgaris); it is named from a Greek word signifying to cleanse or adorn, applicable both to the extreme beauty * "Madame How and Lady Why," by Canon Kingsley.

of the shrub, and to the use made of its twigs for besoms. In Scotland, and sometimes in Ireland, roofs of cabins and outhouses are thatched with heather, and it furnishes useful winter fuel. Many of the birds so eagerly sought after by sportsmen find shelter beneath its branches, and sustenance upon its seeds; while sheep and goats, though they prefer more succulent food, will exist upon its shoots. In the Western Isles heath is used for dyeing yarn and tanning leather; and sometimes in Switzerland the shoots are added to malt for flavouring beer. The delicious taste of heather honey is well known, and the sale of richly stored beehives in some instances helps to pay the rent of the cottagers' holdings.

But it is time to leave the "bonny blooming heather" as a botanist's delight, and turn to its entomological aspect. The early sunbeams of May bring out the emperor moth (S. carpini) and the fox moth (B. rubi), to gambol in their rays and dart to and fro across the heather. Later on in the month, perhaps, we may discover a number of neatly arranged eggs of the former moth encircling some dry twig or grass stem, and perhaps in all our experiences of caterpillar life we shall find none more exquisite in their various colourings, more easily reared, or more beautiful than Carpini, to say nothing of its wonderful "eel-trap" cocoon. Though this caterpillar is constantly found upon heather, it is best reared upon bilberry and sloe leaves. The fox moth caterpillar thrives best upon bramble, but is difficult to keep through the winter; if found in spring it spins up immediately and does not feed at all, merely rambling about in search of a favourable spot whereon to form its long soft loose cocoon, which presents a great contrast to that of the oak eggar (Bombyx quercus). Although the caterpillars somewhat resemble each other, particularly the Irish variety of Quercus (Calluna), which is nearly as dark in colouring as the larva of B. rubi, beginners in entomology sometimes have a difficulty in distinguishing Quercus from Calluna; but they will find that the light band of reddish ochre on the former, when the moth is set, forms a perfect crescent. In Calluna the band is irregular early in the season. The larva of the pretty A. myrtilli may be found by "sweeping" the heath with a strong net; and a host of other moths, from which we may select G. ericetella, E. angustana, C. agathina, N. dahlii, N. baja, N. Brunnea, A. porphyrea, P. hippocastanaria, G. alrella, &c., &c., may be taken upon moors. The rare and beautiful Eulepia crebrum is found upon the New Forest heaths; and in the north of Scotland Plusia interrogationis may be seen flying over the heather, as its near relation, Plusia gamma, does here. This moth has been found in England and Ireland, and it is certainly not confined to heather, as I remember taking a beautiful specimen asleep upon a scarlet geranium; another upon that valuable trap for insects, honeysuckle blossoms. The exquisite little Hydrelia unca frequents boggy moors, and often spoils itself by a habit of rising and dashing down into the long sedge or heather,- —a feat which also renders it very difficult to capture; but I could not attempt to enumerate the Lepidoptera which frequent heaths without making my paper far too long. So I must reluctantly bid adieu to "heather bell" and "muirland wild" for a season.

Photographs from the Life of Luther.

BY THE REV. H. OLLERENSHAW.

NO. II.

HE scene of our photograph is now changed. It is in Rome. Luther has been selected on account of his eloquence and power of discussion to plead the cause of certain monasteries of his order before the Pope, and has gone to that city full of the prejudices and delusions of the cloister. His heart is changed, -the gospel is the life of his soul, and his one delight is to preach it. But he is still a monk, and still regards the convent as the seat of holiness. Scarcely, however, does he enter Italy but on every side he finds that which astonishes and offends him. He is received into a rich Benedictine monastery, and sees around him luxury in all its forms; rich food, silken dresses, and gorgeous buildings. At last he speaks, and openly reproves them. Indignant at this, they seek to rid themselves of him by taking his life, but warned by the porter of the monastery he makes his escape. A serious illness follows, and again the condition of his sinfulness presses heavily on his spirit; but he remembers the passage, "The just shall live by faith," and receives it as light and comfort from God. On his recovery he proceeds to Rome. Catching sight for the first time of the city in the distance he prostrates himself on the ground, crying, "Holy Rome, I salute thee." In the eagerness of his devotion he goes up and down visiting churches and saying masses, and believing all that is told him. He is astonished at the haste and carelessness of the priests around him. On devoting himself to perform the service with dignity, he is laughed at by them for his simplicity. At an altar adjoining his a priest said seven masses while he was saying one. His position as envoy of the Augustine monasteries of Germany causes him to be invited to some meetings of prelates and distinguished ecclesiastics, but their corrupt conversation distresses him greatly. "If," he says to himself, "they speak thus in Rome at table, freely and publicly, what will it be if their actions correspond to their words, and if all Popes, cardinals, and courtiers say mass in the same style ? " Nevertheless it is here that God greatly strengthens his faith. With a superstitious devotedness to the observances of the Church he one day seeks to obtain for himself the indulgence which the Pope had promised to every one who

should on all-fours crawl up the steps called "Pilate's Staircase," and which he has been told had been miraculously transported from Jerusalem to Rome. See him now on his hands and feet laboriously ascending, but he stops again,—that word sounds in his ear, “The just shall live by faith.” He starts up, his folly rushes upon his mind, he is ashamed of his credulity, and forsakes it for ever. Henceforth faith in the gospel alone becomes the soul of his theology, his only foundation for peace, and the animating spirit of his life.

He returns to Wittemberg, sorrowful and indignant at what he had seen. Again we find Stanpitz using his influence to urge him forward in the course that was before him. Luther must be made a doctor of divinity. He objects at first, from fear of the responsibility, but at last consents, the elector paying the fees for him. On the 18th of October, 1812, he becomes a licentiate in theology and taking the oath to defend evangelical truth by every means in his power. On the following day he received the degree by which he was made Biblical Doctor. It is a strange illustration of the theology of that day that the professor who gave him the degree had himself never read the Bible. From the day that he received that degree Luther's position is changed; he feels that he has received a call from God. He seeks the truth for its own sake, and studies the Bible more earnestly than ever. This Book and what he has seen in Rome make him now THE REFORMER, and he attacks boldly the schoolmen and their philosophy, and all the meaningless forms and superstitions that are around him.

The Pope is short of money, not an uncommon thing with great spendthrifts,—and Leo X. has very expensive tastes and great works on hand. He is proceeding with the building of St. Peter's, and what shall he do? He has no Mexico to go to, so he must find his mines in the credulity of the nations. His commodity is sin and forgiveness, he can trade in indulgences, so among others sent forth by him, one Tetzel, a Dominican monk, arrives in great state at Juterbach, four miles from Wittemberg. He is received at the gates by a large company with lighted tapers in their hands, and with bells and music. The whole body move forward to the church in procession. First there is the Pope's Bull of Grace carried in front on a velvet cushion, then Tetzel himself, the chief dealer in indulgences, carrying a large wooden cross, painted red, then the rest of the company, with hymns, prayers, and incense. The cross is placed in front of the altar, and over it the papal arms. Tetzel is in the pulpit, let us listen to what he says: "Indulgences are the most precious and the most sublime gift of God." "This cross [pointing to the red cross] has the very same efficacy as the actual cross of Jesus Christ." 'Come, and I will give you letters and a seal by which even the sins which you may have a desire to commit in future will all be forgiven." "I have saved more souls by my indulgences than the apostle Peter has by his sermons." "More than this, indulgences not only save the living, they save the dead." "Priest! noble ! merchant! wife! young girls! young men ! hear your departed