I. The different senses of the word Socialism, and rela-
tion between the different kinds of Socialists .

II. Further division (according to the means proposed

of realizing their ideals) into the Revolutionary,

Evolutionary, and State-Socialists. Prospects of

Socialism in the leading civilized countries-England,

France, Germany, and the United States

III. Anarchism, and its relation to Socialism: points of

agreement and difference. Why some knowledge of

the history of Socialism is desirable.

CHAPTER II.

SOCIALISM BEFORE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

I. The Jewish Socialism. Socialistic institutions of the

Law of Moses-The Jubilee, &c. Failure of the

Jewish Socialistic polity. Retardation of the change

to individualism by the Law of Moses and the

Prophets. The Socialism of the Gospels. The ideal

of the Christian Society

.

II. The Catholic Church and Communism. Gradation
of classes under Feudalism. Risings of the " com-

21-27

SECT.

PAGE

monalty" after the decline of feudalism. The risings

of the people in England to prevent their divorce

from the land. Increase of the poor and institution

of Poor Laws. More's Utopia. Anticipation in it

of the modern Socialist argument. The age of

social Utopias .
. 27-33

III. Decline in the production of Utopias. The new

problem for social philosophers—The Origin of Civil

Society and Government. Hobbes' and Locke's

speculations. What constitutes private property

according to each. Effects of their writings on

English society and subsequent social speculation.

The struggle for Monarchy in England throughout

the seventeenth century. Political effects of the limi-

tation of the kingly authority. Social and economic

effects. Decline of yeomen and rise of the farming

class. The agricultural labourer

IV. New era in the history of Society inaugurated by

the writings of Rousseau. His "Discours sur

l'Origine de l'Inégalité." His story of the "fall of

man" socially and morally. Stages in the early his-

tory of man. The happy stage at which the species

should have stopped. The origin of private property.

The evil world and the evil passions that came

with private property. The war of all with

all. Origin of Civil Society and Law. Trans-

formation of delegated into absolute authority.

The sole way of recovery, as indicated in the

"Contrat Social." The people the only legitimate

sovereign in the state. The proper aims of Govern-

ment. How to retain the sovereign power in the

hands of the people. Far-reaching consequences of

Rousseau's writings. Errors and truth in them

V. How far Rousseau was a Socialist. The doctrine of

the "Economic Politique" favours what we now call

State-Socialism, to be secured by taxation and the

extension of the State's functions

VI. Theories due to the influence of Rousseau's ideas.

Mably's Communism. Fichte's Collectivism, an

anticipation of the present collectivist system.

Bakunin's Anarchism. Morellet's Communism; its

affinity with existing Collectivism. The French

Revolution partly Socialistic in its effects .

33-39

39-59

• 59-64

64-71

SECT.

CHAPTER III.

MODERN SOCIALISM, FROM ST. SIMON TO KARL MARX.

PAGE

1. St. Simon his originality: successive phases of

his ideas. His Positivist stage. His State Social-

ism, with the right to labour and the right to

knowledge guaranteed to the labourer. Further

advance: a new morality necessary, to be supplied

by positive philosophers; and a new religion, to be

preached by philanthropists. The "New Chris-

tianity." Its principal aim the amelioration of the

lot of the poor
.. 72-78

II. The St. Simonian school. Advance on the views of
the Master. The three stages in the exploitation of
man by his fellows. A radical reform declared to be
necessary in the laws of Property and Inheritance.
Their principle of distribution:-to each according
to his works. Views on Rent: on Capital. Antici-
pation of special positions of the present Collec-
tivists. Insight of the St. Simonians: merits and
defects of their ideal: specific objections

.. 78-87

III. Carlyle's Socialism. Resemblance between his social

and political doctrine and the St. Simonian Social-

ism. Ideas in common with the St. Simonians

in "Sartor Resartus" and "Past and Present."

The doctrine of the Latter Day Pamphlets."

Way to the desired end according to Carlyle :-The

"Great Man" seconded by an aristocracy of ability.

Similar doctrine in Lord Beaconsfield's political

novels of "Sybil; or the Two Nations," and

"Coningsby".

IV. New Socialistic scheme of Fourier: Not State-

Socialism. The phalange and the phalanstère.

Fourier's principle of distribution. Mill's eulogy

of Fourier's scheme: his criticism of it. Possible

case for an experiment on Fourier's lines

V. Louis Blanc's objection to St. Simonism.

. 87-98

.98-106

His own

scheme of co-operative production to be launched

by the aid of the State, but afterwards to be free from

State control. Competition to be employed to get

rid of the present system, afterwards to be done away

with. Tendency of the scheme to Communism.

Its failure so far as partially tried

106-115

SECT

66

VI. J. S. Mill and his attitude to Socialism, as gathered

from his "6 Principles of Political Economy," his

Chapters on Socialism" (Fortnightly Review) and

his Autobiography." His general ideal of the

future society. Ideal in the sphere of industry; Co-

operative production, realized without State aid. His

prophecy in 1848. Why co-operative production has

not succeeded. Great extension and development

of the opposite system of capitalism since that time.

Cairnes' error as to the difficulties in the way of co-

operative production. Supplementary note on

Robert Owen's relation to Socialism and co-opera-

tive production

PAGE

115-124

CHAPTER IV.

THE NEW SOCIALISM AND ITS ARGUMENT.

I. The third Socialist crusade preached by Lassalle :

the inspiration derived from Karl Marx. Improved

method of attack on the existing system. Marx's

economical and historical arguments. Their

guns turned on the orthodox economists. Commun-

istic point of departure of Marx: the subsequent

changes in his ideas and methods

125-131

II. The new Socialism (Collectivism) and its aims: why

it deserves special attention. Marx's three stages

in the history of industry. The appearance of the

capitalist and origin of capital. Stages before the

Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution:

its causes and results. Completion of the revolu-

tion

131-138

III. Marx's theory of value derived from Ricardo. His

own theory of "surplus value.' Fallacy of the

arguments in support of the theory. The appeal to

morals. Element of truth in the charges of Marx

against the capitalist employers in the past

138-151

CHAPTER V.

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE.

I. General outline of the Collectivist scheme from the

SECT.

economic point of view. Production, distribution,

and value.

PAGE

152-161

II. Statement and examination of the chief objections

urged against the scheme: (1) that production

would be controlled by authority instead of by the

desires and demands of the community; (2) that

production would be diminished from the with-

drawal of the present stimulus to the director of in-

dustry (entrepeneur); (3) that capital, especially fixed

capital, would not be furnished in sufficient amount;

(4) that liberty would be in danger; (5) that indi-

viduality of character would be repressed; (6) that

culture would be endangered

162-182

CHAPTER VI

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE (continued).

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.

I. Importance of the question of distribution in its rela-

tion to Socialism. The existing system. On what the

future of collectivism depends. Collectivist objection

to the present system. The proposed principle of

distribution :-"To each in proportion to his hours of

average labour." General difficulty of applying the

principle. Difficulty illustrated concretely in the case

of the cotton industry. Marx's standard of average

or common labour uncertain and indefinite. Diffi-

culty of reducing different kinds of skilled labour to

the standard.
184-196

II. Examination and refutation of Marx's theory that

skilled labour is common labour intensified or multi-

plied. Importance of the theory in connection with

the collectivist principle of distribution. True reason

why the skilled should receive a larger remuneration

tnan the unskilled labourer. Why, in particular, the

industrial chief, the inventor, &c., should be liberally

remunerated
. 196-204

III. Further examination of the Socialist theory of value
and principle of distribution. Objections: diminished
stimulus to labour on the part of the generality.
Impossibility of keeping values fixed as required by