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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
The Problem of the Genesis of Species stated.-Nature of its Probable Solution.-Im-
portance of the Question.-Position here defended.-Statement of the DARWINIAN
THEORY.-Its Applicability to Details of Geographical Distribution; to Rudimentary
Structures; to Homology; to Mimicry, etc.-Consequent Utility of the Theory.-
Its Wide Acceptance.-Reasons for this, other than, and in Addition to, its Scientific
Value.-Its Simplicity.-Its Bearing on Religious Questions.-Odium Theologicum
and Odium Antitheologicum.-The Antagonism supposed by many to exist be-
tween it and Theology neither necessary nor universal.-Christian Authorities in
favor of Evolution. Mr. Darwin's "Animals and Plants under Domestication."-
Difficulties of the Darwinian Theory enumerated
• p. 18
66
CHAPTER II.
THE INCOMPETENCY OF NATURAL SELECTION" TO ACCOUNT FOR THE IN-
CIPIENT STAGES OF USEFUL STRUCTURES.
Mr. Darwin supposes that Natural Selection acts by Slight Variations.-These must be
useful at once.-Difficulties as to the Giraffe; as to Mimicry; as to the Heads of
Flat-fishes; as to the Origin and Constancy of the Vertebrate Limbs; as to Whale-
bone; as to the Young Kangaroo; as to Sea-urchins; as to Certain Processes of
Metamorphosis; as to the Mammary-gland; as to Certain Ape Characters; as to
the Rattlesnake and Cobra; as to the Process of Formation of the Eye and Ear, as
to the Fully-developed Condition of the Eye and Ear; as to the Voice; as to Shell-
fish; as to Orchids; as to Ants.-the Necessity for the Simultaneous Modification
of Many Individuals.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 35
CHAPTER III.
THE COEXISTENCE OF CLOSELY-SIMILAR STRUCTURES OF DIVERSE ORIGIN.
Chances against Concordant Variations.-Examples of Discordant Ones.-Concordant
Variations not unlikely on a non-Darwinian Evolutionary Hypothesis.—Placental
and Implacental Mammals.-Birds and Reptiles.-Independent Origins of Similar
Sense Organs.-The Ear.-The Eye.-Other Coincidences.-Causes besides Natural
Selection produce Concordant Variations in Certain Geographical Regions.-Causes
besides Natural Selection produce Concordant Variations in Certain Zoological and
Botanical Groups.-There are Homologous Parts not genetically related.—Harmony
in respect of the Organic and Inorganic Worlds.-Summary and Conclusion. p. 76
CHAPTER IV.
MINUTE AND GRADUAL MODIFICATIONS.
There are Difficulties as to Minute Modifications, even if not fortuitous.-Examples of
Sudden and Considerable Modifications of Different Kinds.-Prof. Owen's View.-
Mr. Wallace.-Prof. Huxley.-Objections to Sudden Changes.-Labyrinthodont.-
Potto.-Cetacea.-As to Origin of Bird's Wing.-Tendrils of Climbing Plants.-
Animals once supposed to be Connecting Links.-Early Specialization of Structure.
-Macrauchenia.-Glyptodon.-Sabre-toothed Tiger.-Conclusion
p. 111
CHAPTER V.
AS TO SPECIFIC STABILITY.
What is meant by the Phrase "Specific Stability;" such Stability to be expected a
priori, or else Considerable Changes at once.-Rapidly-increasing Difficulty of in-
tensifying Race Characters; Alleged Causes of this Phenomenon; probably an In-
ternal Cause coöperates.-A Certain Definiteness in Variations.-Mr. Darwin ad-
mits the Principle of Specific Stability in Certain Cases of Unequal Variability.-
The Goose.-The Peacock.-The Guinea-fowl.-Exceptional Causes of Variation
under Domestication.-Alleged Tendency to Reversion.-Instances.-Sterility of
Hybrids.-Prepotency of Pollen of Same Species, but of Different Race.-Mortality
in Young Gallinaceous Hybrids.-A Bar to Intermixture exists somewhere.-
Guinea-pigs. Summary and Conclusion
p. 127
CHAPTER VI.
SPECIES AND TIME.
Two Relations of Species to Time.-No Evidence of Past Existence of Minutely-
intermediate Forms when such might be expected a priori.-Bats, Pterodac-
tyls, Dinosauria, and Birds.-Ichthyosauria, Chelonia, and Anoura.-Horse An-
cestry.-Labyrinthodonts and Trilobites.-Two Subdivisions of the Second Rela-
tion of Species to Time.-Sir William Thomson's Views.-Probable Period re-
quired for Ultimate Specific Evolution from Primitive Ancestral Forms.-Geo-
metrical Increase of Time required for Rapidly-multiplying Increase of Structural
Differences.-Proboscis Monkey.-Time required for Deposition of Strata neces-
sary for Darwinian Evolution.-High Organization of Silurian Forms of Life.-
Absence of Fossils in Oldest Rocks.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 142
CHAPTER VII.
SPECIES AND SPACE.
The Geographical Distribution of Animals presents Difficulties.-These not insur-
mountable in themselves; harmonize with other Difficulties.-Fresh-water Fishes.
-Forms common to Africa and India; to Africa and South America; to China
and Australia; to North America and China; to New Zealand and South
America; to South America and Tasmania; to South America and Australia.-
Pleurodont Lizards.-Insectivorous Mammals.-Similarity of European and South
American Frogs.-Analogy between European Salmon and Fishes of New Zea-
land, etc.-An Ancient Antarctic Continent probable.-Other Modes of accounting
for Facts of Distribution.-Independent Origin of Closely-similar Forms.-Con-
clusion
p. 158
CHAPTER VIII.
HOMOLOGIES.
Animals made up of Parts mutually related in Various Ways.-What Homology is
-Its Various Kinds.-Serial Homology.-Lateral Homology.-Vertical Homology.
-Mr. Herbert Spencer's Explanations.-An Internal Power necessary, as shown by
Facts of Comparative Anatomy.-Of Teratology.-M. St. Hilaire.-Prof. Burt Wild-
er.-Foot-wings.-Facts of Pathology.-Mr. James Paget.-Dr. William Budd.-
The Existence of such an Internal Power of Individual Development diminishes
the Improbability of an Analogous Law of Specific Origination.
p. 169
CHAPTER IX.
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS.
The Origin of Morals an Inquiry not foreign to the Subject of this Book.-Modern
Utilitarian View as to that Origin.—Mr. Darwin's Speculation as to the Origin of
the Abhorrence of Incest.-Cause assigned by him insufficient.-Care of the Aged
and Infirm opposed by "Natural Selection;" also Self-abnegation and Asceti-
cism.-Distinctness of the Ideas "Right" and "Useful."-Mr. John Stuart Mill.-
Insufficiency of "Natural Selection" to account for the Origin of the Distinction
between Duty and Profit.-Distinction of Moral Acts into "Material" and "For-
mal."-No Ground for believing that Formal Morality exists in Brutes.-Evidence
that it does exist in Savages.-Facility with which Savages may be misunder-
stood.-Objections as to Diversity of Customs.-Mr. Hutton's Review of Mr. Her-
bert Spencer.-Anticipatory Character of Morals.-Sir John Lubbock's Explana-
tion.-Summary and Conclusion
p. 202
CHAPTER X.
PANGENESIS.
A Provisional Hypothesis supplementing "Natural Selection."-Statement of the Hy-
pothesis. Difficulty as to Multitude of Gemmules.-As to Certain Modes of Re-
production.-As to Formations without the Requisite Gemmules.-Mr. Lewes and
Prof. Delpino.-Difficulty as to Developmental Force of Gemmules.-As to their
Spontaneous Fission.-Pangenesis and Vitalism.-Paradoxical Reality.-Pangene-
sis scarcely superior to Anterior Hypothesis.-Buffon.-Owen.-Herbert Spen-
cer.-"Gemmules " as Mysterious as "Physiological Units."-Conclusion
p. 223