Review of the Statements and Arguments of Preceding Chapters.-Cumulative Argu- ment against Predominant Action of "Natural Selection."-Whether any Thing positive as well as negative can be enunciated.-Constancy of Laws of Nature does not necessarily imply Constancy of Specific Evolution.-Possible Exceptional Sta- bility of Existing Epoch.-Probability that an Internal Cause of Change exists.- Innate Powers somewhere must be accepted.-Symbolism of Molecular Action under Vibrating Impulses.-Prof. Owen's Statement.-Statement of the Author's View.-It avoids the Difficulties which oppose "Natural Selection."—It harmon- izes Apparently Conflicting Conceptions.-Summary and Conclusion Prejudiced Opinions on the Subject.-" Creation" sometimes denied from Prejudice.— The Unknowable.-Mr. Herbert Spencer's Objections to Theism; to Creation.- Meanings of Term "Creation."-Confusion from not distinguishing between "Pri- mary" and "Derivative" Creation.—Mr. Darwin's Objections.-Bearing of Chris- tianity on the Theory of Evolution.-Supposed Opposition, the Result of a Miscon- ception.-Theological Authority not opposed to Evolution.-St. Augustine.-St. Thomas Aquinas.-Certain Consequences of Want of Flexibility of Mind.-Reason and Imagination.-The First Cause and Demonstration.-Parallel between Chris- tianity and Natural Theology.-What Evolution of Species is.-Prof. Agassiz.-In- nate Powers must be recognized.-Bearing of Evolution on Religious Belief.-Prof. Huxley.-Prof. Owen.-Mr. Wallace.-Mr. Darwin.—A priori Conception of Di- vine Action.-Origin of Man.-Absolute Creation and Dogma.-Mr. Wallace's View. -A Supernatural Origin for Man's Body not necessary.-Two Orders of Being in Man.-Two Modes of Origin.-Harmony of the Physical, Hyperphysical, and Super- natural.-Reconciliation of Science and Religion as regards Evolution.-Conclu- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Leaf Butterfly in flight and repose (from Mr. A. Wallace's "Malay's Archipelago") Walking-Leaf Insect Pleuronectidæ, with the peculiarly placed eye in different positions (from Dr. Mouth of Whale (from Prof. Owen's " Odontography") 66 Four plates of Baleen seen obliquely from within (from Prof. Owen's “ Odontography") PAGE 43 47 49, 180 53 Cobra (from Sir Andrew Smith's "Southern Africa") Wingbones of Pterodactyl, Bat, and Bird (from Mr. Andrew Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals") Skeleton of Flying-Dragon Centipede (from a specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Sur Teeth of Urotrichus and Perameles The Archeopteryx (from Prof. Owen's "Anatomy of Vertebrata") 54 54, 189 56, 181 59 62 63 Cytheridea Torosa (from Messrs. Brady and Robertson's paper in Ann. and Antechinus Minutissimus and Mus Delicatulus (from Mr. Andrew Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals”) 96 Outlines of Wings of Butterflies of Celebes compared with those of allied species elsewhere PAGE 100 103 104 105 106 107 107 The Magnificent Bird of Paradise (The above seven figures are from Mr. A. Wallace's “ Malay Archi pelago.") Much enlarged horizontal Section of the Tooth of a Labyrinthodon (from Prof. The Aye-Aye (from Trans. of Zool. Soc.) Dentition of Sabre-toothed Tiger (from Prof. Owen's “Odontography ") Inner side of Lower Jaw of Pleurodont Lizard (from Prof. Owen's "Odontography") Tarsal Bones of Galago and Cheirogaleus (from Proc. Zool. Soc.) Skeleton of Manus and Pes of a Tailed Batrachian (from Prof. Gegenbaur's Flexor Muscles of Hand of Nycticetus (from Proc. Zool. Soc.) The Fibres of Corti 162 163 173 174 175 176 179 183, 226 188 189 192 THE GENESIS OF SPECIES. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. The Problem of the Genesis of Species stated.-Nature of its Probable Solution.-Importance of the Question.-Position here defended.-Statement of the DARWINIAN THEORY.-Its Applicability to Details of Geographical Distribution; to Rudimentary Structures; to Homology; to Mimicry, etc.-Consequent Utility of the Theory.— Its Wide Acceptance.-Reasons for this, other than, and in Addition to, its Scientific Value.-Its Simplicity.-Its Bearing on Religious Questions.-Odium Theologicum and Odium Antitheologicum.-The Antagonism supposed by many to exist between it and Theology neither necessary nor universal.-Christian Authorities in favor of Evolution.-Mr. Darwin's "Animals and Plants under Domestication."Difficulties of the Darwinian Theory enumerated. THE great problem which has so long exercised the minds of naturalists, namely, that concerning the origin of different kinds of animals and plants, seems at last to be fairly on the road to receive-perhaps at no very distant future—as satisfactory a solution as it can well have. But the problem presents peculiar difficulties. The birth of a "species" has often been compared with that of an "individual." The origin, however, of even an individual animal or plant (that which determines an embryo to evolve itself—as, e. g., a spider rather than a beetle, a roseplant rather than a pear) is shrouded in obscurity. A fortiori must this be the case with the origin of a "species." Moreover, the analogy between a "species" and an |