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§ 3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally,
the arts of production stationary
4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital
and population stationary.
5. Fifth case; all the three elements progressive
CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum
§ 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital.
2. Doctrine of Mr. Wakefield respecting the field of employ-
ment
3. What determines the minimum rate of profit.
4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the mini-
5.
6.
7.
prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions.
by improvements in production .
by the importation of cheap necessaries and instru-
ments
8. by the emigration of capital.
CHAPTER V. Consequences of the Tendency of Profits to a
Minimum
§ 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss
2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not
detrimental but beneficial to labourers
CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State
§ 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and
deprecated by writers
2.
but not in itself undesirable
PAGE
714
715
720
725
727
728
731
733
735
736
738
740
742
746
748
CHAPTER VII. On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring
Classes
§ 1. The theory of dependence and protection no longer appli-
cable to the condition of modern society
2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally
dependent on their own mental cultivation
3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a
better adjustment of population-Would be promoted
by the social independence of women.
752
757
759
§ 4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of
hiring and service
5. Examples of the association of labourers with capitalists
of the association of labourers among themselves
7. Competition not pernicious, but useful and indispensable.
760
764
772
792
BOOK V
ON THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER I. Of the Functions of Government in General
§ 1. Necessary and optional functions of government distin-
guished
795
2. Multifarious character of the necessary functions of
government.
796
3. Division of the subject
800
CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation
§ 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation
802
2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation
3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of
income? .
804
806
4. Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and
on terminable incomes?
810
5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit
subject of peculiar taxation
817
6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge
in favour of the public
820
7. Taxes falling on capital, not necessarily objectionable
821
CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes
§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure .
§ 5. An Income Tax
6. A House Tax
CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities
§ 1. A tax on all commodities would fall on profits
2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer
3. Peculiar effects of taxes on necessaries.
4.
829
832
837
838
839
842
847
6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on
exports and on imports
850
how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum
5. Effects of discriminating duties.
§ 1. Arguments for and against direct taxation.
2. What forms of indirect taxation most eligible
3. Practical rules for indirect taxation
864
868
870
CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt
§ 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses
by loans?
873
2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general
contribution.
876
3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for
the redemption of debt.
878
CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Government,
considered as to their Economical Effects
§ 1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property
2. Effects of over-taxation.
881
883
§ 3. Effects of imperfection in the system of the laws, and in
the administration of justice
CHAPTER IX. The same subject continued
884
CHAPTER X. Of Interferences of Government grounded on
Erroneous Theories
§ 1. Doctrine of Protection to Native Industry
916
2. Usury Laws
926
3. Attempts to regulate the prices of commodities
4. Monopolies .
930
932
5. Laws against Combination of Workmen
933
6. Restraints on opinion or on its publication
939
CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-faire
or Non-Interference Principle
§ 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authori-
tative and unauthoritative
2. Objections to government intervention—the compulsory
character of the intervention itself, or of the levy of
funds to support it . .
3. increase of the power and influence of government
increase of the occupations and responsibilities of
government
:
superior efficacy of private agency, owing to stronger
interest in the work
6. importance of cultivating habits of collective action
in the people
941
942
944
945
947
948
1
§ 7. Laisser-faire the general rule
8. but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the
consumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity.
Education
9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protec-
tion of children and young persons; of the lower
animals. Case of women not analogous
10. Case of contracts in perpetuity.
11. Cases of delegated management
950
953
956
959
960
12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to
give effect to the wishes of the persons interested.
Examples: hours of labour; disposal of colonial lands 963
13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the
persons concerned. Poor Laws
Colonization
14.
16. Government intervention may be necessary in default of
private agency, in cases where private agency would be
more suitable
966
969
975
977