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§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry.
2. — in training intelligence
283
285
3.
in promoting forethought and self-control.
286
4. Their effect on population
287
5.
on the subdivision of land
296
CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers
§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties
2. Its advantages and inconveniences.
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries
4. Is its abolition desirable?
306
315
CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers
§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is
318
nominal rents
321
which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or
restraint on population
323
4. Ryot tenancy of India
324
CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy
§ 1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors 329
2. Present state of this question
CHAPTER XI. Of Wages
337
§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in
other words, on population and capital .
343
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages 344
which are in some cases legal
§ 3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply
restraints on population
4.
5. — in others the effect of particular customs
PAGE
349
353
355
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a
labouring class.
357
CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages
§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee
of employment.
2.
would require as a condition, legal measures for re-
pression of population.
3. Allowances in aid of wages
4. The Allotment System
CHAPTER XIII. Remedies for Low Wages further considered
§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of
population
2. Grounds for expecting improvement
361
363
366
368
373
376
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring
people by education
380
and by large measures of immediate relief, through
foreign and home colonization.
381
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in different
Employments
§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of
attractiveness in different employments .
2. Differences arising from natural monopolies
3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors
4.of the competition of persons with independent means
of support
385
390
394
397
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and
from combinations
7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom .
403
CHAPTER XV. Of Profits
§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts: interest, insurance,
and wages of superintendence.
405
§ 2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is
liable.
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the parti-
cular employment
4. General tendency of profits to an equality
5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale
6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages.
of labour.
7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour .
407
409
410
416
417
418
CHAPTER XVI. Of Rent
§ 1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly
422
2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situ-
ation as exists in less quantity than the demand
423
3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above
the return to the worst land in cultivation
425
or to the capital employed in the least advantageous
circumstances
426
5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit ?.
6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agri-
cultural produce
433
429
BOOK III
EXCHANGE
CHAPTER I. Of Value
§ 1. Preliminary remarks.
435
2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price 436
3. What is meant by general purchasing power
437
4. Value a relative term. A general rise or fall of values a
contradiction
439
5. The Laws of Value, how modified in their application to
retail transactions
440
CHAPTER II. Of Demand and Supply, in their relation to
Value
§ 1. Two conditions of Value: Utility, and Difficulty of At-
tainment.
2. Three kinds of Difficulty of Attainment
3. Commodities which are absolutely limited in quantity.
4. Law of their value, the Equation of Demand and Supply
5. Miscellaneous cases falling under this law
CHAPTER III. Of Cost of Production, in its relation to Value
§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multi-
plication without increase of cost. Law of their Value,
Cost of Production
2. operating through potential, but not actual alterations.
of supply
CHAPTER IV. Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production
§ 1. Principal element in Cost of Production-Quantity of
Labour
2. Wages not an element in Cost of Production
except in so far as they vary from employment to
employment.
442
444
445
446
448
451
453
457
459
460
4. Profits an element in Cost of Production, in so far as they
vary from employment to employment.
461
or are spread over unequal lengths of time
463
6. Occasional elements in Cost of Production: taxes, and
scarcity value of materials.
466
CHAPTER V. Of Rent, in its relation to Value
§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multipli-
cation, but not without increase of cost. Law of their
Value, Cost of Production in the most unfavourable
existing circumstances
2. Such commodities, when produced in circumstances more
favourable, yield a rent equal to the difference of cost. 471
3. Rent of mines and fisheries, and ground-rent of build-
ings
4. Cases of extra profit analogous to rent
473
476
CHAPTER VI. Summary of the Theory of Value
§ 1. The theory of Value recapitulated in a series of proposi-
tions
2. How modified by the case of labourers cultivating for
subsistence
3. by the case of slave labour
CHAPTER VII. Of Money
§ 1. Purposes of a Circulating Medium .
2. Gold and Silver, why fitted for those purposes
3. Money a mere contrivance for facilitating exchanges,
which does not affect the laws of Value .
CHAPTER VIII. Of the Value of Money, as dependent on
"Demand and Supply
§ 1. Value of Money, an ambiguous expression
2. The value of money depends, cæteris paribus, on its
quantity.
3. together with the rapidity of circulation
4. Explanations and limitations of this principle
CHAPTER IX. Of the Value of Money, as dependent on Cost
of Production
§ 1. The value of money, in a state of freedom, conforms to the
value of the bullion contained in it
478
480
482
483
484
487
489
490
493
495
499
which is determined by the cost of production
501
3. This law, how related to the principle laid down in the
preceding chapter
503
CHAPT
CHAPTER X. Of a Double Standard, and Subsidiary Coins
§ 1. Objections to a double standard
507
2. The use of the two metals as money, how obtained with-
out making both of them legal tender
508
CHAPTER XI. Of Credit, as a Substitute for Money
§ 1. Credit not a creation but a transfer of the means of
production
511