LABOUR, a requisite of production (q.v.), 22-9; various kinds of pro- ductive, 33-41; unproductive, 44; three classes of, 47; productive L. defined, 48; unproductive L. defined, 49; L. depends on capital (q.v.), 79; is a primary requisite of production, 101; division of L., 116-18; of women, 119; limited by markets, 130; law of increase of L., 155-62; the produce does not increase in proportion to L., 177; cost of L., 420; value of, 450; cost of (again), 681, 691-4 Labourers, 20, 31; effect on, of change of circulating capital (q.v.) into fixed capital, 94-9; Italian, French, English, Swiss, German, Dutch, Saxon, compared, 109-10; prob- able future of the labouring classes, 752-94
Labourers, Statute of, 934 Lacedæmon, iron money, 485 Laing [d. 1868], on productiveness, 106 n.; on peasant proprietors, 263-4, 289; English farming, 298 n.; wages on the Continent, 371 Laing [d. 1897], on Cornish miners, 765 n.
Laisser faire, 940, 950, 957 Lancashire, bills of exchange, 519 Land, 26, 74, 93, 108, 145, 155; is a requisite of production, 156; law of increase of production from, 176;
limited quantity, ib.; law of pro- duction from, defined, 177; pro- perty in, 231; taxation of, 818-21 Latium, 258
Lavergne, Léonce de, 154 n., 266 n., 285, 294, 295 n., 298
Leatham, on bill-circulation, 536 n. Leclaire, and co-operation, 768-70 Legoyt, on population, 293 n., 294 Limited Liability, 899
Limited Partnership, 900, 903 Limousin, metayers, 307, 308 Lincolnshire Wolds, rent of, 430 Liverpool, population, 352 Loans, war, 77 n. (see Interest) Lombardy, cattle in, 147 n.; peasant proprietors, 264 n.; farming in, 265; metayers, 308
London, post office, 134; population, 352; wages, 387; the Clearing House, 521
Lübeck, laws of marriage, 354 Lyell, Sir Charles, farming in America, 179 n.; bequest in America, 229 n.
MCCULLOCH, 44; peasant farms, 271; population, 288; metayers, 307; property, 747; income-tax, 816 n.; tax on cost of production, 837 Machinery, effects, 94, 742 Madras, land tenure, 327 Maine, Ancient Law, 222 n. Malthus, 67 n., 156, 157 n., 158 n., 160, 165, 349 n., 351-2, 359, 365, 376; rediscovered theory of rent, 425; on over-supply, 557, 562; on measure of value, 568; on popula- tion, 747
Manilla, Chinese co-operation, 771 n. Manufactures, domestic, 64 n. ; im-
provements in, 108
Margin of cultivation, 690, 716, 840 Market for commodities is not em- ployment of labour (q.v.), 120 Massachusetts, 229 n., 907 Mecklenburg, laws of marriage, 353 Mercantile system, 2, 677, 918 Metayers, 302; defined, 303; Adam Smith on, 305; Arthur Young on, 306
Michelet, on peasant proprietors, 284 n., 300 n.
Milan decrees, the, 112
Milanese, the, metayers, 307
Mill, James, on over-supply, 562; on international trade (q.v.), 576; in- come-tax, 816 n. Mixter, Prof., 165 n.
Money, 3, 54, 72; defined, 483; gold and silver, 485; a commodity, 488; its value depends on demand and supply, 490; M. and prices, 496; M. and cost of production (q.v.), 499-506; coining, 501; double standard, 507-10; credit (q.v.), 511; commercial crisis, 561; as an imported commodity, 607-11; bills of exchange, 612-18; its distribution in commerce, 619-23; M. and laws of value (q.v.), 626; loans, 645
Monopoly, 410, 449 Montesquieux, 482, 484 Moravians, the, 202
Munich, laws of marriage, 354 Mushet, Mr., on Bank restriction, 554
tenure, 245; metayers,
304 n. Napoleonic wars, 77 n. National Debt, 873-80; paying off, 876-80
Natural objects, as requisite of pro- duction (q.v.), 22, 101
Nature, man's power over, 25 Navigation laws, 920 New England, 197, 229 n. New York, shipping, 908 New Zealand, colonisation, 973 Newmarch, on bill-circulation, 536 n. Newry, tenant-right, Ireland, 341 Niebuhr, on peasant farms, 276 n. Norway, 34; population, 160, 290; peasant proprietors, 239, 263; laws of marriage, 353
OLMSTED, on slave states, 251 One-pound notes, 656, 676 Oriental opulence, belief in, 12; famines in O. countries, 19; modern O. society, 20
Overstone, Lord, regulation of the currency, 656
Owen, Robert, 203, 773, 783 Owenism, 202 n., 210
PALATINATE, the, peasant proprietors, 266, 296 n.
Paraguay, Indians in, 169, 212 Parennin, Father, on the Chinese, 171 Paris, population, 153 n.; farms near, 285, 296; co-operation in, 768 Parliament, railway Acts, 98, 176 Passy, M., farms, 147 n.; large and small farms, 152; net produce,
153 n.; farming in France, 297; metayers, 307 n.
Peasant proprietors, 256; English, 257; Swiss, 258-63; Norway, 263 ; Flanders, 265; Germany, 266–71; Belgium, 271-5; the Channel Is- lands, 276-7; France, 277-82; Arthur Young (q.v.), 283; of the Continent, 286
Peel, Sir Robert (his Act of 1844), 651 Piedmont, small farms, 264 n.; me-
tayers, 303 n., 308, 309; co-opera- tion, 783
Plummer, 783 n., 784 n.
Poland, population, 195; trade with, 576; capital in, 738 Politics, science of, 891
Poor Law, the, 84; Report (1840), 109; English poor laws, 160; Irish poor laws, 197; Swiss, 262; new English, ib.; Act of Elizabeth, 365; Poor Law (of 1834), 368; Act of Queen Anne, 395; Poor Laws, 967
Population, 12, 120-1; increase of, 153, 156-61; over-population, 191; peasantry population, 288-96; table of various nations' popu. lation, 293 n.; progress of, 561; influence of the progress of industry and population on values and prices, 700-9; influence of the progress of industry and population on rents and profits and wages, 710-24
Possessions, origin of inequality of, 10 Prescription, 220
Prices, 245; retail and wholesale, 441; money and, 524; influence of credit (q.v.), 523-41; general rise, 551; influence of industrial progress on, 700-9; speculators, 706-8; fluctua- tions from supply, 709
Production, laws of, 22-8; the three
requisites of, 54, 101; on a large and on a small scale, 132, 134, 136– 7; law of increase of, 155; the three requisites (again), 156, 163; law of P. from land (q.v.), 177; cost of P., 183; laws of P. from wealth (q.v.), 199; cost of P. (again), 451, 453, 457-68; progress of, 561; joint cost of P., 570-3; cost of P. (again), 700; increase of P., capital and population, 722; improvements in P., 735-6; tax on cost of P., 837 Productive agents, on what their degree of productiveness depends, 101; natural advantages of, 102; skilled labour in using, security, 113
Productive and unproductive labour, 44-53
Profit, origin of, 32; P. of stock de- fined, 164; P. of capital, 462–4; extra P., 476; part of production,
Profits, 405; gross, 406; lowest rate possible, 407; retail, 409; vary, 412; custom affects, 415; causes determining amount of, 416; the rate of P. depends on wages, 419; tax on P., 824-7
Progress of society, summed up, 723– 4
Progressive taxation, 806, 808 Property, private, 201; 201; P. and European nations, ib.; P. defined, 218-21; bequest of, 222, 226 Prussia, serf labour, 252; peasant farms, 271; landed property re- forms, 334; marriage laws, 354; currency reform, 667
RAE, John, 129 n., 165 n., 166, 169,
170, 172, 870 n., 922
Railway Board, 946
Rau, Prof., on small farms, 152, 269, 270
Registration of land, 886
Reichensperger, Herr, 263 n., 270 Rent, of land, 26; not productive,
57; cause of, 422; theory of, 425; some agricultural capital pays no
R., 427; R. and profits, 429; is not part of cost of production, 433, 468; R. in relation to value. 469-71; law of R., 472, 691; rents rise, 712-14; rents fall, 717- 20; tax on house and ground R., 823-36
Revans, Mr., on Irish peasantry, 322; on income-tax, 831
Rhine province, 269; crops in, 280, 285; division of farms, 298 Ricardo, 80; on wages, 347; on rent, 425, 432; on profits, 419; on value, 452, 458-9, 461; on over- supply, 563; on international trade, 576; on gold and silver, 625; on interest, 638; on taxes, 822 Rickmansworth, land experiments at, 336 n.
Roads, value of, 184
Robinson, on Irish Waste Land Society, 337 n.
Rochdale Pioneers, the, 784-8 Romans, the, 16, 50, 104, 114, 167, 485
Russia, emancipation of slaves [1861], 17; corn from, 30; state of, 101, 190, 195; serf labour, 252; table of various populations, 293 n.; trade with, 575; currency reform, 667; capital in, 697, 738 Ryots, 243, 324
ST. SIMONISM, 204; examined, 212 Saving, defined, 70; enriches the com- munity, 72, 728
Saxony, 269; peasant farms, 271; laws of marriage, 353
Say, 44, 45, 59; on demand for labour (q.v.), 80; on division of labour, 123; Cours d'Economie Politique Pratique, ib. n.; on demand and supply, 446; on over-supply,
562 Scotland, farming, 95 n., 102, 178, 263; colliers, 387; banking, 677; agriculture, 704; co - operation, 783 n.
Senior, on Continental marriage laws, 353; definition of profits, 405; on money, 505; on imports, 605; on gold and silver imports, 609; taxes, 842-5
Serfs, origin of, 17, 244; unproduc- tiveness of their labour, 252; gradual extinction, 253 Sismondi, on capital, 67 n.; on property, 231 n.; on peasant pro- prietors, 258, 260 n., 289; on me- tayers, 303, 304 n., 311, 315 n., 316 n.; on corporations, 355 n.; on population, 375; on over-supply, 557, 561-2; on usury, 926 Slaney, Mr., 783, 906 n.
Slavery, 249; unproductive labour of, 251; in America, ib.; compared with free labour, 253; negro S. abolished by England, Denmark, America, the Dutch (by 1865), 254 n.; still allowed by Spain in Brazil and Cuba (1865), 255 Slaves, are nos wealth, 8; Roman,
17; West Indian S. ransomed [1834], 19; how maintained, 69; property in, 236; owned by the landowners, 239
Sleswick-Holstein, 239 n.
Smith, Adam, 2, 26, 67, 122–8; joint- stock companies, 140; Malthus, 165; metayers, 305; workmen, 356 n.; on difference of wages in different employments, 385-97; retail profits, 410; value, 436–7, 452, 566-8; foreign trade, 579 ; paper money, 632; interest, 638; capital, 726-7; on a stationary state, 747; taxation, 802; tax on wages, 828; house-rent, 832; usury, 926, 928-9; market-rate, 937
Socialism, 202 m., 203; examined, 209-17, 792
Spain, 190, 255; trade with, 583; capital in, 738; state of, 940 Spice Islands, Dutch monopoly in, 449
Statics and Dynamics of political economy, 695
Stationary state, the, 746-51 Stein, land reforms, 334
Supply, defined, 445; excess, 556–63 ;
a general over-supply, 558-62 Swan River Settlement, 65 Sweden, trade with, 576; currency reform, 667
Switzerland, 239; peasant proprie- tors, 258, 265, 271; population, 291; laws of marriage, 354; trade with, 575; co-operation, 783
TAILLE, 883 Taxation, fallacies of, 89; general principles of, 802-22; equality in, 804, 813, 817; of land, 819; com- parison between direct and indirect T., 864-72
Taxes, 15, 57, 466; income-T., 806- 17; property T., 806-10; on profits, savings, and land, 811-19; direct T., 823-36; defined, 823; on rents, 832-6; on commodities, 837-56; indirect T. defined, 837; tithes, 841; duties, 847-50; on imports and exports, 850-56; mis- cellaneous T., 857-63
Thaer, on peasant proprietors, 271 Thornton, on peasant proprietors,
276; on English peasantry, 348 n. ; on allotments, 371; on paper credit (q.v.), 515, 519; on inter- national values, 596
Thürgau, peasant-farms in, 263 Tithes, incidence of, 841; see also Taxes
Tooke, on corn prices, 447 n.; on the currency, 521 n. ; on credit, 533-5; on bills, 536 n. ; on prices, 554; on bank credit, 648; on bank circula- tion, 652-5, 665; on money-prices of agricultural produce, 704 Torrens, on international trade (q.v.), 576 n., 593 n.; regulation of the currency, 657
Trade, international, 574-82; de- fined, 574; fictitious examples, 574-8; theories of, compared, 578– 82; international values in, 584- 606; equation of international de- mand, law of, 592, 600; value and cost in, 604; money in international T., 607-11; bills of exchange, 613; law of international T., 621, 629; free T., 701
Turgot, on metayers, 307 Tuscany, farming in, 179; agricultural tenure, 240; peasant proprietors, 264 n.; metayers, 303, 304 n., 311- 16
ULSTER, tenant-right, 318, 320, 335 n. United States, the, 103, 152, 157 n., 158 n., 179, 194, 220, 229, 239, 313,
WAES, Pays de, 147 n., 230 Wages, 57, 253, 343-6; W. and population, 349-60; popular reme- dies for low W., 361-2; allotment system, 368; Continental, 871; emigration, 384; women's W. in factories, 400; fixed by custom, 403; W. depend on profits, 419, 477; low W. and underselling, 684; law of W., 688-9; tax on W., 827-9
Wakefield, on co-operation, 116–17;
on colonisation, 121; on agricul- ture, 144-52; his system of emi- gration, 330, 382; on capital, 727,
735; on protection, 925; on land in Colonies, 965; success of his colonisation system, 972-4 Walker, G., on currency, 673 Warehousing system, 867
Watt, inventor, 41; effect of his in- ventions, 193, 350
Wealth, 1, 6, 9, 19, 47, 48, 74, 108; distribution of, 200; progressive state of, 695–9; stationary state of, 746-51
West, Sir E., on theory of rent, 425
West Indies, ransom of slaves in [1834], 19; expenditure in, 166; slaves in, 240; slave population, 250, 253; Colonies, 685-6 Westbury, Lord, 887 n. Westmorland, small farmers, 257 Wiltshire, agricultural labourers, 357 Women, work of, 119; efficiency of,
128; wages of, 400; employments for, 401, 759-60, 959 Wordsworth, on English peasantry, 257 n.
Würtemberg, peasant proprietors, 239 n.; laws of marriage, 353
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