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LABOUR, a requisite of production
(q.v.), 22-9; various kinds of pro-
ductive, 33-41; unproductive, 44;
three classes of, 47; productive
L. defined, 48; unproductive L.
defined, 49; L. depends on capital
(q.v.), 79; is a primary requisite
of production, 101; division of
L., 116-18; of women, 119; limited
by markets, 130; law of increase of
L., 155-62; the produce does not
increase in proportion to L., 177;
cost of L., 420; value of, 450;
cost of (again), 681, 691-4
Labourers, 20, 31; effect on, of change
of circulating capital (q.v.) into fixed
capital, 94-9; Italian, French,
English, Swiss, German, Dutch,
Saxon, compared, 109-10; prob-
able future of the labouring
classes, 752-94

Labourers, Statute of, 934
Lacedæmon, iron money, 485
Laing [d. 1868], on productiveness,
106 n.; on peasant proprietors,
263-4, 289; English farming, 298
n.; wages on the Continent, 371
Laing [d. 1897], on Cornish miners,
765 n.

Laisser faire, 940, 950, 957
Lancashire, bills of exchange, 519
Land, 26, 74, 93, 108, 145, 155; is
a requisite of production, 156; law
of increase of production from, 176;

limited quantity, ib.; law of pro-
duction from, defined, 177; pro-
perty in, 231; taxation of, 818-21
Latium, 258

Lavergne, Léonce de, 154 n., 266 n.,
285, 294, 295 n., 298

Leatham, on bill-circulation, 536 n.
Leclaire, and co-operation, 768-70
Legoyt, on population, 293 n., 294
Limited Liability, 899

Limited Partnership, 900, 903
Limousin, metayers, 307, 308
Lincolnshire Wolds, rent of, 430
Liverpool, population, 352
Loans, war, 77 n. (see Interest)
Lombardy, cattle in, 147 n.; peasant
proprietors, 264 n.; farming in,
265; metayers, 308

London, post office, 134; population,
352; wages, 387; the Clearing
House, 521

Lübeck, laws of marriage, 354
Lyell, Sir Charles, farming in America,
179 n.; bequest in America, 229 n.

M

MCCULLOCH, 44; peasant farms, 271;
population, 288; metayers, 307;
property, 747; income-tax, 816 n.;
tax on cost of production, 837
Machinery, effects, 94, 742
Madras, land tenure, 327
Maine, Ancient Law, 222 n.
Malthus, 67 n., 156, 157 n., 158 n.,
160, 165, 349 n., 351-2, 359, 365,
376; rediscovered theory of rent,
425; on over-supply, 557, 562; on
measure of value, 568; on popula-
tion, 747

Manilla, Chinese co-operation, 771 n.
Manufactures, domestic, 64 n. ; im-

provements in, 108

Margin of cultivation, 690, 716, 840
Market for commodities is not em-
ployment of labour (q.v.), 120
Massachusetts, 229 n., 907
Mecklenburg, laws of marriage, 353
Mercantile system, 2, 677, 918
Metayers, 302; defined, 303; Adam
Smith on, 305; Arthur Young on,
306

Michelet, on peasant proprietors, 284
n., 300 n.

Milan decrees, the, 112

Milanese, the, metayers, 307

Mill, James, on over-supply, 562; on
international trade (q.v.), 576; in-
come-tax, 816 n.
Mixter, Prof., 165 n.

Money, 3, 54, 72; defined, 483; gold
and silver, 485; a commodity, 488;
its value depends on demand and
supply, 490; M. and prices, 496;
M. and cost of production (q.v.),
499-506; coining, 501; double
standard, 507-10; credit (q.v.),
511; commercial crisis, 561; as
an imported commodity, 607-11;
bills of exchange, 612-18; its
distribution in commerce, 619-23;
M. and laws of value (q.v.), 626;
loans, 645

Monopoly, 410, 449
Montesquieux, 482, 484
Moravians, the, 202

Munich, laws of marriage, 354
Mushet, Mr., on Bank restriction,
554

NAPLES,

N

tenure, 245; metayers,

304 n.
Napoleonic wars, 77 n.
National Debt, 873-80; paying off,
876-80

Natural objects, as requisite of pro-
duction (q.v.), 22, 101

Nature, man's power over, 25
Navigation laws, 920
New England, 197, 229 n.
New York, shipping, 908
New Zealand, colonisation, 973
Newmarch, on bill-circulation, 536 n.
Newry, tenant-right, Ireland, 341
Niebuhr, on peasant farms, 276 n.
Norway, 34; population, 160, 290;
peasant proprietors, 239, 263; laws
of marriage, 353

OLMSTED, on slave states, 251
One-pound notes, 656, 676
Oriental opulence, belief in, 12;
famines in O. countries, 19; modern
O. society, 20

Overstone, Lord, regulation of the
currency, 656

Owen, Robert, 203, 773, 783
Owenism, 202 n., 210

P

PALATINATE, the, peasant proprietors,
266, 296 n.

Paraguay, Indians in, 169, 212
Parennin, Father, on the Chinese, 171
Paris, population, 153 n.; farms near,
285, 296; co-operation in, 768
Parliament, railway Acts, 98, 176
Passy, M., farms, 147 n.; large and
small farms, 152; net produce,

153 n.; farming in France, 297;
metayers, 307 n.

Peasant proprietors, 256; English,
257; Swiss, 258-63; Norway, 263 ;
Flanders, 265; Germany, 266–71;
Belgium, 271-5; the Channel Is-
lands, 276-7; France, 277-82;
Arthur Young (q.v.), 283; of the
Continent, 286

Peel, Sir Robert (his Act of 1844),
651
Piedmont, small farms, 264 n.; me-

tayers, 303 n., 308, 309; co-opera-
tion, 783

Plummer, 783 n., 784 n.

Poland, population, 195; trade with,
576; capital in, 738
Politics, science of, 891

Poor Law, the, 84; Report (1840),
109; English poor laws, 160; Irish
poor laws, 197; Swiss, 262; new
English, ib.; Act of Elizabeth,
365; Poor Law (of 1834), 368;
Act of Queen Anne, 395; Poor Laws,
967

Population, 12, 120-1; increase of,
153, 156-61; over-population, 191;
peasantry population, 288-96;
table of various nations' popu.
lation, 293 n.; progress of, 561;
influence of the progress of industry
and population on values and
prices, 700-9; influence of the
progress of industry and population
on rents and profits and wages,
710-24

Possessions, origin of inequality of, 10
Prescription, 220

Prices, 245; retail and wholesale, 441;
money and, 524; influence of credit
(q.v.), 523-41; general rise, 551;
influence of industrial progress on,
700-9; speculators, 706-8; fluctua-
tions from supply, 709

Production, laws of, 22-8; the three

1

requisites of, 54, 101; on a large
and on a small scale, 132, 134, 136–
7; law of increase of, 155; the
three requisites (again), 156, 163;
law of P. from land (q.v.), 177;
cost of P., 183; laws of P. from
wealth (q.v.), 199; cost of P. (again),
451, 453, 457-68; progress of, 561;
joint cost of P., 570-3; cost of P.
(again), 700; increase of P., capital
and population, 722; improvements
in P., 735-6; tax on cost of P., 837
Productive agents, on what their
degree of productiveness depends,
101; natural advantages of, 102;
skilled labour in using,
security, 113

109;

Productive and unproductive labour,
44-53

Profit, origin of, 32; P. of stock de-
fined, 164; P. of capital, 462–4;
extra P., 476; part of production,

477

Profits, 405; gross, 406; lowest rate
possible, 407; retail, 409; vary,
412; custom affects, 415; causes
determining amount of, 416; the
rate of P. depends on wages, 419;
tax on P., 824-7

Progress of society, summed up, 723–
4

Progressive taxation, 806, 808
Property, private, 201;
201; P. and
European nations, ib.; P. defined,
218-21; bequest of, 222, 226
Prussia, serf labour, 252; peasant
farms, 271; landed property re-
forms, 334; marriage laws, 354;
currency reform, 667

QUETELET, 293 n.


RAE, John, 129 n., 165 n., 166, 169,

170, 172, 870 n., 922

Railway Board, 946

Rau, Prof., on small farms, 152, 269,
270

Registration of land, 886

Reichensperger, Herr, 263 n., 270
Rent, of land, 26; not productive,

57; cause of, 422; theory of, 425;
some agricultural capital pays no

R., 427; R. and profits, 429; is
not part of cost of production,
433, 468; R. in relation to value.
469-71; law of R., 472, 691;
rents rise, 712-14; rents fall, 717-
20; tax on house and ground R.,
823-36

Revans, Mr., on Irish peasantry, 322;
on income-tax, 831

Rhine province, 269; crops in, 280,
285; division of farms, 298
Ricardo, 80; on wages, 347; on rent,
425, 432; on profits, 419; on
value, 452, 458-9, 461; on over-
supply, 563; on international trade,
576; on gold and silver, 625; on
interest, 638; on taxes, 822
Rickmansworth, land experiments at,
336 n.

Roads, value of, 184

Robinson, on Irish Waste Land
Society, 337 n.

Rochdale Pioneers, the, 784-8
Romans, the, 16, 50, 104, 114, 167,
485

Russia, emancipation of slaves [1861],
17; corn from, 30; state of, 101,
190, 195; serf labour, 252; table
of various populations, 293 n.;
trade with, 575; currency reform,
667; capital in, 697, 738
Ryots, 243, 324

S

ST. SIMONISM, 204; examined, 212
Saving, defined, 70; enriches the com-
munity, 72, 728

Savoy, 260 n.

Saxony, 269; peasant farms, 271;
laws of marriage, 353

Say, 44, 45, 59; on demand for labour
(q.v.), 80; on division of labour,
123; Cours d'Economie Politique
Pratique, ib. n.; on demand and
supply,
446; on over-supply,

562
Scotland, farming, 95 n., 102, 178,
263; colliers, 387; banking, 677;
agriculture, 704; co - operation,
783 n.

Senior, on Continental marriage laws,
353; definition of profits, 405; on
money, 505; on imports, 605; on
gold and silver imports, 609; taxes,
842-5

Serfs, origin of, 17, 244; unproduc-
tiveness of their labour, 252;
gradual extinction, 253
Sismondi, on capital, 67 n.; on
property, 231 n.; on peasant pro-
prietors, 258, 260 n., 289; on me-
tayers, 303, 304 n., 311, 315 n., 316
n.; on corporations, 355 n.; on
population, 375; on over-supply,
557, 561-2; on usury, 926
Slaney, Mr., 783, 906 n.

Slavery, 249; unproductive labour of,
251; in America, ib.; compared
with free labour, 253; negro
S. abolished by England, Denmark,
America, the Dutch (by 1865),
254 n.; still allowed by Spain in
Brazil and Cuba (1865), 255
Slaves, are nos wealth, 8; Roman,

17; West Indian S. ransomed
[1834], 19; how maintained, 69;
property in, 236; owned by the
landowners, 239

Sleswick-Holstein, 239 n.

Smith, Adam, 2, 26, 67, 122–8; joint-
stock companies, 140; Malthus,
165; metayers, 305; workmen,
356 n.; on difference of wages in
different employments, 385-97;
retail profits, 410; value, 436–7,
452, 566-8; foreign trade, 579 ;
paper money, 632; interest, 638;
capital, 726-7; on a stationary
state, 747; taxation, 802; tax
on wages, 828; house-rent, 832;
usury, 926, 928-9; market-rate,
937

Socialism, 202 m., 203; examined,
209-17, 792

Spain, 190, 255; trade with, 583;
capital in, 738; state of, 940
Spice Islands, Dutch monopoly in,
449

Statics and Dynamics of political
economy, 695

Stationary state, the, 746-51
Stein, land reforms, 334

Supply, defined, 445; excess, 556–63 ;

a general over-supply, 558-62
Swan River Settlement, 65
Sweden, trade with, 576; currency
reform, 667

Switzerland, 239; peasant proprie-
tors, 258, 265, 271; population,
291; laws of marriage, 354; trade
with, 575; co-operation, 783

T

TAILLE, 883
Taxation, fallacies of, 89; general
principles of, 802-22; equality in,
804, 813, 817; of land, 819; com-
parison between direct and indirect
T., 864-72

Taxes, 15, 57, 466; income-T., 806-
17; property T., 806-10; on
profits, savings, and land, 811-19;
direct T., 823-36; defined, 823;
on rents, 832-6; on commodities,
837-56; indirect T. defined, 837;
tithes, 841; duties, 847-50; on
imports and exports, 850-56; mis-
cellaneous T., 857-63

Thaer, on peasant proprietors, 271
Thornton, on peasant proprietors,

276; on English peasantry, 348 n. ;
on allotments, 371; on paper
credit (q.v.), 515, 519; on inter-
national values, 596

Thürgau, peasant-farms in, 263
Tithes, incidence of, 841; see also
Taxes

Tooke, on corn prices, 447 n.; on the
currency, 521 n. ; on credit, 533-5;
on bills, 536 n. ; on prices, 554; on
bank credit, 648; on bank circula-
tion, 652-5, 665; on money-prices
of agricultural produce, 704
Torrens, on international trade (q.v.),
576 n., 593 n.; regulation of the
currency, 657

Trade, international, 574-82; de-
fined, 574; fictitious examples,
574-8; theories of, compared, 578–
82; international values in, 584-
606; equation of international de-
mand, law of, 592, 600; value and
cost in, 604; money in international
T., 607-11; bills of exchange, 613;
law of international T., 621, 629;
free T., 701

Turgot, on metayers, 307
Tuscany, farming in, 179; agricultural
tenure, 240; peasant proprietors,
264 n.; metayers, 303, 304 n., 311-
16

U

ULSTER, tenant-right, 318, 320, 335 n.
United States, the, 103, 152, 157 n.,
158 n., 179, 194, 220, 229, 239, 313,

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WAES, Pays de, 147 n., 230
Wages, 57, 253, 343-6; W. and
population, 349-60; popular reme-
dies for low W., 361-2; allotment
system, 368; Continental, 871;
emigration, 384; women's W. in
factories, 400; fixed by custom,
403; W. depend on profits, 419,
477; low W. and underselling, 684;
law of W., 688-9; tax on W.,
827-9

Wakefield, on co-operation, 116–17;

on colonisation, 121; on agricul-
ture, 144-52; his system of emi-
gration, 330, 382; on capital, 727,

735; on protection, 925; on land
in Colonies, 965; success of his
colonisation system, 972-4
Walker, G., on currency, 673
Warehousing system, 867

Watt, inventor, 41; effect of his in-
ventions, 193, 350

Wealth, 1, 6, 9, 19, 47, 48, 74, 108;
distribution of, 200; progressive
state of, 695–9; stationary state of,
746-51

West, Sir E., on theory of rent,
425

West Indies, ransom of slaves in
[1834], 19; expenditure in, 166;
slaves in, 240; slave population,
250, 253; Colonies, 685-6
Westbury, Lord, 887 n.
Westmorland, small farmers, 257
Wiltshire, agricultural labourers, 357
Women, work of, 119; efficiency of,

128; wages of, 400; employments
for, 401, 759-60, 959
Wordsworth, on English peasantry,
257 n.

Würtemberg, peasant proprietors,
239 n.; laws of marriage, 353

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