of the contemplative life," that is, the spirit of prayer and penance and sacrifice; for the interests of our Holy Mother the Church; for the sanctification and salvation of souls; for the spread of Christ's kingdom among the nations of the world.

THE MAKING OF A TRADE SCHOOL, by Mary Schenck Woolman (Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows. 50 cents net), treats of the development, the organization, equipment, financial standing, and problems of the Manhattan Trade School. Since its establishment in 1902, it has grown rapidly in its several departments, and the methods of its progress are of much interest.

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HE FIFTH BOOK OF THE AMERICAN NORMAL READERS, by May Louise Harvey (Silver, Burdett & Co. 60 cents net), is, as its name implies, the fifth of a series. The whole series recommends itself for its intelligent pedagogical plan.

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N THE TEMPLES OF THE ETERNAL (New York: Christian Press Association. $1.00 net), the Rev. James L. Meagher gives us an exposition of the mystical interpretation of the sacrifices of the Old Law, the fittings of the temple, and the vestments of the High Priest, as they foreshadowed the symbolism of the ceremonies and liturgy of the Church, particularly of the Sacrifice of the Mass. Christian symbolism is treated in a detailed and interesting manner.

THROUGH REFINING FIRES, by Marie Haultmont (St. Louis B. Herder. $1.60), is not a novel of any exceptional merit, we must say to our regret. The plot is commonplace, the characters second-rate, and the style throughout is colloquial. Four hundred closely-printed pages are wasted in the development of a story which could easily have been condensed into one-fourth of the space. The author would do well to make quality her object rather than quantity.

THE Franciscan Fathers of the Province of the Holy Name have issued the St. Anthony's Almanac for the year 1914.

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Reverend Thomas S. McGrath has written a booklet of sixty-three pages, in which he carefully and devoutly reviews the life and work of St. Rita of Cascia (New York: Loughlin Brothers. 25 cents). We wish the little booklet success in its mission.

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FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS.

N Immanence, by Joseph de Tonquedec (Paris: G. Beauchesne) we have a most complete and detailed critique of the philosophy of Maurice Blondel, one of the most obscure and abstruse writers in France to-day. He has often complained during the controversies of late years that he has been judged, not by what he really said, but by what his opponents imagined he had said. To meet this objection our author cites continually the most important passages of his works under discussion, and permits the reader at once to judge of his loyalty and fairness. The errors of Blondel are denounced on every page, and in an appendix he endeavors to prove that they were condemned in the Encyclical Pascendi.-Lethielleux of Paris sends us an account of the French section of the International Eucharistic Congress of Vienna. It treats particularly of frequent communion and the communion of children. Some of the most striking discourses are Blessed Jeanne d'Arc and the Eucharist, The Ideal of Piety, The Ideal of Love, Lourdes and the Eucharist, and the closing sermon of the Archbishop of Paris.- -Father Lahitton in his Sacerdotal Vocation (Paris: G. Beauchesne. 5 frs.) sets forth the Church's doctrine of the formal divine call to the priesthood, against those who exaggerated the interior call of the Holy Ghost. The Pope has approved the teaching of our author that the bishop need not regard at all the fact of an interior call, though he may suppose its existence in the candidate for the priesthood. All he is bound in conscience to demand is evidence of good moral character and intellectual fitness.—Lethielleux of Paris also publishes a most charming life of St. Agnes, by Father Jubaru, S.J. This is a simple story intended for children, and devoid of the critical erudition that characterized the author's former book, St. Agnes, Virgin and Martyr of the Via Nomentana, published by the same firm. The same house also publishes Louis Veuillot, by C. Lecigne. (3 frs. 50.) Canon Lecigne, Professor of French Literature at the University of Lille, gives us a perfect portrait of the famous editor of L'Univers one of the most ardent defenders of the Church in France during the nineteenth century. The book is a panegyric from start to finish, and to our mind does not give due credit to his opponents in the Catholic camp, such as Montalembert, de Falloux, Bishop Dupanloup, Ozanam, Father Gratry, and others. As a poet and a novelist he really did not rank very high, despite the author's encomiums, but as a newspaper controversialist he holds the first rank. The writer sketches for us his early years, his first work as a journalist, his conversion from infidelity, and his great fight for Catholic principles against a host of hostile anti-Christian foes. He has been called the bulldog of the Pope, an illiberal fanatic, a hater of the Jew, a Catholic more ultramontane than the Pope, but in his letters we see him revealed as the most tender of men, forced by the circumstances of the times into bitter controversies, while he longed for the quiet of his home. La Jeunesse de Wesley, by Augustin Leger (Paris: Hachette & Cie.), is a biography of John Wesley which takes us up to the days of the early preaching of Methodism. Especially interesting are the chapters which treat of the status of an Anglican parish in the eighteenth century, the Anglican Methodism of Oxford which began in 1729, John Wesley's love affair with Sophy Hopkey in Georgia, which culminated in his arrest and the abandonment of his American mission as an absolute failure, and the Moravian influence of Böhler and Count Zinzendorf, which begot the "conversion" idea of the new sect.-A. Tralin, Paris, pubishes a life of Ozanam, by Charles Calippe. "The life of Ozanam," writes

the Abbé Calippe in his Preface, "is the greatest possible proof of the social vitality of Catholicism......He was social because he was a Christian and a Catholic. And he was on many points more social than others, because he was more of a Christian and more of a Catholic than they; he was more true to his own faith, more logical and more heroic." The three men that influenced him in his social studies were Charles de Coux, the Abbé Gerbert, and Montalembert. De Coux, whose Course of Political Economy Ozanam followed most carefully, was one of the first Catholics in France who tried to free the science from the anti-Christian materialism which then (A. D. 1832) enveloped it. The Abbé Gerbert in his lectures insisted on "religious men becoming the defenders, the moderators, and the guides of the interests of the masses," and spoke eloquently of "the new career of charity which was opening up before the priesthood, or rather before every Christian, for every Christian is a priest to accomplish the sacrifice of charity." At Montalembert's home every Sunday evening the élite of France met to discuss "literature, history, the interests of the poor, and the progress of civilization." In fact Ozanam at these meetings discovered that the great problem of the day was the social problem of the betterment of the laboring classes. We find Ozanam writing as early as 1834: "We are too young to accomplish much in the social struggle of our time. But are we therefore to remain inactive in the midst of a world that suffers

and mourns?......By no means. I see a preliminary way open. Before

we attempt any work of public moment, we can try to do some good to a few individuals; before we endeavor to regenerate France, we can help some of France's poor. Moreover, I am most anxious to have all young men of intelligence and feeling unite in charitable work, and form throughout the country a vast association devoted to the helping of the poor." This was the spirit that prompted the foundation of the Conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, which are still carrying on the world over the work he inaugurated. The Abbé Calippe then discusses the social bearing of Ozanam's earliest writings, of his course of commercial law at Lyons (1839-1840), and of his historical lectures. He shows how he always denounced the two extremes of individualism and socialism, and insisted on the duties both of justice and of charity.G. Beauchesne, Paris, also publishes a volume entitled, Ozanam: Livre du Centenaire, by G. Goyau, L. de Lanzac de Laborie, H. Cochin, E. Jordan, E. Duthoit, and A. Baudrillart. The Ozanam Centenary volume is written by specialists, who discuss Ozanam as scholar, historian, man of letters, sociologist, apologist, and founder of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. All these writers portray for us one of the most saintly and lovable scholars that ever devoted his life for the defence of the Church and its poor. Ozanam's oratorical temperament prevented his being a great historian, and his conservative mind made him too credulous of the legendary content of the Middle Ages. But we must remember the progress made in historical criticism since his time, and give due credit to his lack of critical training. He never had a perfect grasp of the scholastic philosophy, for his first teacher, the Abbé Noirot, was a disciple of Descartes. But as an apologist of the Church, he holds the first rank, his honesty, earnestness, and persuasiveness winning all hearts.

Foreign Periodicals.

The Teaching of the French Seminaries on Military Service. By Monsignor Touchet. A journal called Homme Libre (The Free Man) in its issue of July 2d contained an attack on the bishops of France, written by M. Albert Bayet, charging them with an anti-military spirit, and with teaching that seminarians need not give the military service now required of them by the law of France. The author said: "In all the French seminaries it is taught that non-submission is blameless, and that Frenchmen have the moral right to desert."

This article by Monsignor Touchet is an effective answer to the attack. Monsignor Touchet says that M. Bayet has taken fiction for fact. Tanquerey, whose work is used as a text-book in seventyfive out of the eighty-seven seminaries of France, says: "In time of a just war the officers and soldiers are bound to serve their country, even at the peril of their lives, because the public good demands it. Whence it follows that they cannot desert, and if they have done so, they are bound to return to the army." Clermont, Mare, and Gury, other moralists whose works are used in the seminaries, hold the same opinion. Mare asks the question: "Are deserters bound to return to the army?" and answers, "Yes, in virtue of obedience and legal justice." When M. Bayet tries to blame the Church for the seventy-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-three men who refuse service or desert, he trifles with the truth.-Revue du Clergé Français, August 15.

Pius IX., Leo XIII., and Pius X. By J. Bricout. The definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, the loss of the temporal power, the "Syllabus," and the Vatican Council were the four great events of Pius IX.'s memorable reign.

On December 8, 1869, the Council was declared open by Pius IX. Four permanent Congregations were appointed. The most important, that on Faith, included among its members Manning, Pie, Dechamps, and the Bishop of Padeborn, Conrad Martin. The Schema de fide Catholicą was adopted on the 12th of April. In the meanwhile four hundred and eighty bishops had signed a petition urging the necessity of the definition of Infallibility.

Other bishops, a minority, in a counter-petition, urged its inadvisability. The battle waged fiercely, especially in Germany. Döllinger especially wrote several virulent articles, and roused Germany to a high state of religious excitement. In France, too, the battle waged furiously. Montalembert himself, from a sick bed, wrote a letter siding with the opponents of Infallibility. The letter wounded Pius IX. deeply, and caused a sensation in Roman circles. Pius IX. answered it indirectly in a letter to the learned Benedictine, Dom Guéranger.

The great discussion began in the Council on the 13th of May, 1870. Fourteen sessions were allowed for debate, in which over sixty speakers took part. The most remarkable speeches were those of Monsignor Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, and Monsignor Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, the former against, the latter for, the Schema. On the 18th of July was ended the greatest work of the Vatican Council-the definition of The Infallibility of the Supreme Pontiff.-Revue du Clergé Français, August 15.

The Social and Religious Laws of Deuteronomy. By J. Touzard. The author first reviews the history of the discovery of the Book of Deuteronomy as related in 2 Kings xxi. To see that justice was rendered to all men in every phase of human relationships, was the great purpose of the legislation. The Deuteronomic law was superior in many respects to other codes of antiquity.— Revue Pratique d'Apologetique, August 15.

The Tablet (August 9): The Holy See and Mixed Choirs: An article stating the exact position of the Holy See. Owing to various circumstances, two decrees were issued in 1908 permitting mixed choirs of men and women, provided they be kept wholly separated. The Diocesan Commissions for the approval of Church music are untouched, so that the theatrical tendency may be guarded against. The decrees are printed in full in Latin.

(August 16): Catholics and Crime in the Reign of George II.: Father Thurston, S.J., in a two-part article, cites prison records showing just where Catholics stood as regards crimes committed in the early eighteenth century. Their crimes were not of the grosser nature, but mostly crimes of stealing committed by a downtrodden class in the larger cities. The article consists largely of examples. Literary Notes comments on the question of a Gaelic translation of the Bible as desired by the Gaelic League. While