lowers of the despised Nazarene! Inability! Rise! ye spirits whom voluptuousness, baptized with Christian names, has hurried to untimely graves. Appear! ye souls, whom the gilded vices of Christian society have consigned to the bitter pains of eternal death! It will not do for the Church to plead poverty in justification of her fearful dereliction on this subject. At this moment there is sufficient superfluous wealth in the American Churches alone to place a copy of the Bible in the hand of every human being in Asia; to plant and sustain a missionary in every hamlet, and scores of them in every city of the continent. It is high time for the Church to gird herself for the accomplishment of her grand commission. We cannot more appropriately close this paper, than with the language of a living author, from whose eloquent pen may we hope to receive further contributions to the cause of missions? Referring to the calling of the Methodist Episcopal Church in reference to the heathen world, he proceeds: "Our zeal should look forward to the time when the Methodist itinerant shall traverse the wilds of Africa and the deserts of Tartary; and shout for joy along the Andes and the Himmaleh. But this is enthusiasm-yes, it is; yet it does not transcend the power or the promise of God. It is the enthusiasm that inflamed the prophets, and bled on the cross; and it must yet thrill through the Church before it will put on its full energy. Heretofore it has moved by occasional impulses. a glory as of the latter day has dawned upon it, but been followed by darkness; but now good men are looking at the signs of the moral heavens with new eagerness and hope. In all lands great and effectual doors are opening. New means of spiritual warfare are constantly arising. A special providence seems to control the course of civil events... . The idea is becoming general in the Church, that the morning of the latter day is approaching—that the final battle is at hand. In these circumstances, how stands Methodism-one of the largest corps of the evangelical host; disciplined and hardy by a century of conflicts, possessing energies unequalled by any other sect, and lacking only a more definite conception of its true capability to enable it to send trembling among the powers of darkness?"* We commend this momentous question to the prayerful consideration of every Methodist.

Ever and anon

Church Polity, (by Rev. Abel Stevens, A. M.,) p. 205.

FOURTH SERIES, VOL. V.-4

ART. IV. THE NEW FRAGMENTS OF HYPERIDES.

(MODIFIED FROM THE GERMAN OF SCHÄFER.)

ΥΠΕΡΙΔΗΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΔΗΜΟΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ. The Oration of Hyperides against Demosthenes, respecting the treasure of Harpalus. The Fragments of the Greek Text, now first edited from the Facsimile of the MS. discovered at Egyptian Thebes in 1847; together with other Fragments of the same Oration cited in ancient writers. With a preliminary dissertation and notes, and a Facsimile of a portion of the MS. BY CHURCHILL BABINGTON, M. A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. J. W. Parker. London. 1850.

Of the more celebrated orators of Athenian antiquity, none have experienced so adverse a destiny as Hyperides. Whilst orations by all the others, who are designated in the famous Alexandrian Canon as THE TEN, have been preserved to the present era,-even those of Lycurgus, which in the ninth century Photius endeavoured vainly to procure,-every expectation of recovering a manuscript of Hyperides has hitherto proved idle. By a similar mischance in the dissertations of Dionysius of Halicarnassus upon the ancient rhetors, it is exactly that part, where he would have treated of Hyperides, which has not been transmitted to our hands. Such a loss was felt to be the more unfortunate, from the fact that Hyperides was ranked in art second only to Demosthenes, and next to him was esteemed the most influential leader of the anti-Macedonian party in Athens. Highly gratifying, therefore, was the announcement, that Mr. A. C. Harris, of Alexandria, had obtained possession in Egypt of a papyrus (unfortunately broken) which apparently contained a speech of this great orator against Demosthenes. The first intelligence of the discovery of the MS. was communicated to the Royal Society of Literature in London, (January 13, 1848,) and has since been published in their Transactions, (Vol. III.) "When inquiring at Thebes last winter for Tahidic fragments," says Mr. Harris, "some broken Greek papyri were shown to me for sale, and I purchased them. One of them is remarkable, and will prove to be of great interest to the lovers of classical literature." In the course of the same year Mr. Harris published a facsimile of the fragments in eleven lithograph plates under the title, "Fragments of an Oration against Demosthenes respecting the money of Harpalus." In his Preface, dated London, Aug. 1, 1848, the editor writes as follows: "The following Fragments of a papyrus were bought by me from a dealer in antiquities at Thebes of Upper Egypt in the spring of 1847. They seem to form part of the Oration delivered

by Hyperides in accusation of Demosthenes respecting the treasure of Harpalus. . . . . . . In a visit to Thebes during the spring of the present year, I used my best endeavours to ascertain the spot from which these MSS. were taken by the Arab excavators, but without success. The Oration is written upon papyrus of a better sort." At the first information of the discovery in the Minutes of the proceedings of the Royal Society of Literature for 1847-8, a conjecture is expressed that the roll of papyrus was found in the tombs, and had been buried there with a mummy. "This MS. is unique among the contents of the tombs of Thebes. At first sight it would seem that, so far from expecting to find remains of classical literature in such a place, we ought to be astonished that some inexplicable accident should have enabled us to make this addition to our store; but when we reflect on the numbers of rhetoricians, philosophers, and literary men, who used to flock from Greece as well as from Rome to the banks of the Nile, and notice a practice that prevailed in that country of burying writings with the dead, our wonder ceases, and we begin to entertain legitimate hopes, that the discovery of this Oration may be followed by that of portions, at least, of many of the lost works of antiquity." This expectation has been subsequently realized by some further discoveries of Mr. Harris, who has recovered from the tombs several books of the Iliad, and a grammatical writing of the Alexandrian Tryphon.* The original Hyperidean MS., as

In the London Literary Gazette, No. 1794, June 7, 1851, we find a notice, among other rare objects of antiquity lately exhibited at a conversazione of the Royal Society held at Lord Londesborough's, of a large and beautiful Greek manuscript. Mr. Arden, its owner, when travelling in Upper Egypt, some four or five years ago, bought a papyrus-roll of an Arab near the ruins of Thebes, and described as having been found in an ancient tomb of that city. This roll has been recently unfolded with care, pasted upon paper, framed and glazed. It is nearly four yards in length, divided into pages or columns containing twentyeight lines, the length of which exceeds six inches, and the breadth two inches. The whole is written in a large and clear hand with singular accuracy, since few corrections or interpolations are perceptible. Although it is difficult to assign a precise date to the MS., there still seems every reason to believe that it is as old as the beginning of the Christian era, or indeed, which is by no means improbable, that it was written a century or two B. C. The delicacy of the texture of the papyrus affords a strong presumption in favour of the last-named period; for it is well known to Egyptologists, that coarseness and inferiority in this particular are indications of a considerably later time. The first portion of the MS. is much broken, and presents many gaps and mutilations. The close is entitled, An Apology or Defence of Lykophron. The second portion is much larger and more perfect, showing only here and there an hiatus, which will probably be easily restored. At its termination, we are informed that it is a Defence of the Accusation of Euxenippos against Polycuktos. The author of these orations will, in all likelihood, prove to be the great Athenian orator, Hyperides,

Mr. Babington informs us, (p. xvi,) is now in London, having been committed to the care of Messrs. Ranking, the eminent bankers in St. Helen's Court, Bishopsgate-street. No fresh inspection of its contents could, however, be obtained, since it was found, upon making application, that Mr. Harris had taken the key of the box, in which it is preserved, to Alexandria. Nevertheless the facsimile, which has not yet, as it seems, found its way to the booksellers, is so carefully and beautifully executed that any important advantage from a re-examination of the papyrus can scarcely be anticipated.

The treatment of these relics, thus literally rescued from the tomb, and forming no inconsiderable portion of the principal accusation upon which the greatest of orators was convicted of bribery, and banished from his country, has been undertaken by three scholars, independently of each other. Böckh first published a memoir upon them in the Halle Litterarische Zeitung, October, 1848, Nr. 223-227, which has been brought out in a separate pamphlet, now before us, under the title of "Newly-discovered Fragments from the Orations of Hyperides:" Halle, 1848, (pp. 48.) About the same time M. Hermann Sauppe, without having seen a syllable of Böckh's dissertation, had nearly completed the deciphering and restoration of the Fragments. The results of his investigations were given to the world in Schneidewin's Philologus, 3. Jahrg., 1848, Heft 4, S. 610-658. The same scholar published in April, 1849, a second recension in the Epilogus to his Oratores Attici, P. II, pp. 347-353, in which he makes, of course, befitting reference to the treatise of his predecessor. Lastly, Mr. Babington has addressed himself to the same task in the work now under examination, without any knowledge of the labours of his German competitors. In his preliminary dissertation (p. xxiv, Note,) he remarks that he did not receive intelligence that Böckh had written upon the Fragments whose works have been long lost to the world. Indeed, this appears to be almost certain, inasmuch as some of the Greek lexicographers mention a speech of Hyperides for Lykophron, and another by the same orator "against Polyeuktos concerning the accusation." But who Lykophron was, and what was the nature of the defence for him, remain to be more amply detailed. The subject of the second oration appears, however, to be known,-for Polyeuktos was accused with Demosthenes of receiving a bribe from Harpalus. Moreover, the Hyperidean MS., discovered at Thebes by Mr. Harris, is so exceedingly similar, both in the quality of the papyrus and the character of the handwriting, that it is not improbable they may have been copied by the same Greek scribe, and may originally have formed one entire MS. roll of the Orations of Hyperides. Let us have a facsimile. The fragments preserved in ancient lexicographers and grammarians from the Oration of Hyperides ὑπὲρ Λυκόφρονος (πρὸς Λυκούργον,) as also those from the Oration πρὸς Πολύευκτον (τὸν Κυδαντίδην,) have been collected by Sauppe in his Oratores Attici, pp. 295, 299.

in the Halle Litt. Ztg., until the whole of his book was in the hands of the printer, and almost every sheet struck off, and that he was even then altogether uninformed as to the nature of the paper or the views of Böckh, from not having access to a copy of the Journal abovenamed. This last statement is surprising, inasmuch as Mr. Babington's edition did not make its appearance before the public until the spring of 1850, the Preface being dated December 20, 1849. Nevertheless a mere glance into his book is sufficient to show that in its preparation he was quite unacquainted with the treatise of his predecessor. To estimate correctly the value of these different attempts to arrange and restore the Fragments in question, it is first of all necessary to take the MS. into examination. Mr. Babington has presented us with two lithograph engravings, copied from Mr. Harris's Facsimile, the first of the alphabet and other noticeable peculiarities in chirography, etc., the second of a larger Fragment (xvi, see pp. 4, 7.) The manuscript, which in its original form was one roll of papyrus, is written in columns, each containing on a fluctuating average from 27 to 29 lines. One page or column (the first of Fragm. iv) has 30 lines, whilst those in the immediately adjacent Fragment have only 28 still remaining, although it is evident that another line was written when the MS. was perfect. The number of letters in a line are generally fifteen or sixteen, but here again we observe considerable variation. Thus, for example, in Fragm. iv, xiv, i, there are but thirteen letters, whilst, on the other hand, in xva find nineteen, and in ii eighteen, the last letters of the line in such cases being written in smaller characters. Words are frequently broken off, but never, as Böckh alone has remarked, except at the end of a syllable. The break is sometimes indicated by a mark, not unlike the algebraic symbol >, which is placed indifferently at the end of a word, e. g. Enavopowv> and кpivaç>, or in the middle, e. g. vósμwv. Consonants that are pronounced with the following syllable, are always drawn over to the latter, more especially in compound words, e. g. Fr. xvi, 25 ἀ-νοισθησόμενα, 27 ἀ-πεκρίνατο, 1*, 12 ἐ-[ξα]πατηθῆναι, xxi, 2 [ψηφί]σματα; a solitary exception occurring in iv, 4 пρоdεdavειo-μévos. The same thing happens as a general rule in the elision of vowels: Fr. xix, xxii, 11 ἀλλ ̓ ὄντινα, κίν, 23 ὑφ' ὑμῶν, xxi, 3 κα-θ ̓ ἄ, xvii, 19 κατ' ἐμοῦ; yet we also find xib, 1 ὥστ ̓ αὐτός, and ix, 3 τοῦθ ̓ ἡμῖν. There is occasionally no division between the words; in some instances they are apparently kept distinct, but in others their terminal letters are closely united with the commencement of the next succeeding word. No stops, breathings or accents occur anywhere in the MS., no marks of diæresis, apostrophe or crasis, no capital letters

we