Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, Том 1Longmans, Green & Company, 1886 - 608 стор. |
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Загальні терміни та фрази
accumulation Adam Smith advantage agricultural amount bricklayers buying capitalist causes circulating capital commodities condition considerable consumed consumption cultivation dealers diminished division of labour duction ductive effect employment England equivalent exertion existing expenditure expense farms favourable fixed capital Flanders flax France funds greater gross produce human hundred quarters improvement income increase individual industry instruments instruments of production joint stock companies kind labour employed labouring classes land laws less limited luxuries machinery maintain mankind manufacture manure materials means ment metayer mode natural agents necessary objects obtained occupations operations paid peasant persons plough political economy population portion possession principle productive labourers productive power profit proportion proprietors purpose quantity remuneration render rent require rich saving small farmer society soil subsistence sufficient supply suppose surplus taxes things thousand pounds tion unproductive velvet wages wants wealth whole workmen
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Сторінка 260 - ... almost in an inverse ratio to the labour — the largest s 2 portions to those who have never worked at all, the next largest to those whose work is almost nominal, and so in a descending scale, the remuneration dwindling as the work grows harder and more disagreeable, until the most fatiguing and exhausting bodily labour cannot count with certainty on being able to earn even the necessaries of life ; if this or Communism were the alternative, all the difficulties, great or small, of Communism...
Сторінка 250 - It is not so with the Distribution of Wealth. That is a matter of human institution solely. The things once there, mankind, individually or collectively, can do with them as they like.
Сторінка 472 - ... first, the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employments themselves; secondly, the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense of learning them; thirdly, the constancy or inconstancy of employment in them; fourthly, the small or great trust which must be reposed in those who exercise them; and, fifthly, the probability or improbability of success in them.
Сторінка 155 - This great increase of the quantity of work which, in consequence of the division of labour, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another ; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.
Сторінка 473 - ... neither in hard frost nor in foul weather, and his employment at all other times depends upon the occasional calls of his customers. He is liable, in consequence, to be frequently without any. What he earns, therefore, while he is employed, must not only maintain him while he is idle, but make him some compensation for those anxious and desponding moments which the thought of so precarious a situation must sometimes occasion.
Сторінка 298 - This is partly intelligible, if we consider that only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science.
Сторінка 53 - No limit can be set to the importance, even in a purely productive and material point of view, of mere thought.
Сторінка 71 - The distinction, then, between Capital and Not-capital, does not lie in the kind of commodities, but in the mind of the capitalist — in his will to employ them for one purpose rather than another ; and all property, however ill adapted in itself for the use of labourers, is a part of capital, so soon as it, or the value to be received from it, is set apart for productive employment. The sum of all the values so destined by their respective possessors, composes the capital of the country.
Сторінка 286 - These are the reasons which form the justification in an economical point of view, of property in land. It is seen, that they are only valid, in so far as the proprietor of land is its improver. Whenever, in any country, the proprietor, [Note omitted.] generally speaking, ceases to be the improver, political economy has nothing to say in defence of landed property, as there established.
Сторінка 1 - Writers on Political Economy profess to teach, or to investigate, the nature of Wealth, and the laws of its production and distribution: including, directly or remotely, the operation of all the causes by which the condition of mankind, or of any society of human beings, in respect to this universal object of human desire, is made prosperous or the reverse.