The Mind of the Middle Ages, A.D. 200-1500: An Historical Survey

ancient Arabic Aristotle became began beginning believed body building Byzantine called century Christian church civilization classical common culture developed divine earlier early eleventh Empire Europe existence faith Fathers fifteenth finally followed four France German Gothic art Greek hand human ideas important influence interest Islamic Italian Italy Jesus Jewish Jews knowledge language later Latin learning less literature lived matter means mediaeval Middle Ages mind moral moved Muslim mystical nature never original painting papacy period philosophy poem poetry poets political reason religion religious Roman Rome says schools secular side soul spirit stories style subjects teaching Testament theology theory things thirteenth century thought tion tradition translated turn twelfth century universe usually verse West whole writings written wrote