Instructive as the book is to those who seek information on the material side of Brazilian life, it fails to supply just the kind of knowledge which Americans, and many Europeans withal, need in order to disabuse their minds of the current notion that the peoples who dwell to the southward of the Rio Grande, whatever else they may be, are barely half-civilized. An account of Brazil in the twentieth century which is confined to a description of land, people, government and material occupations, and which has nothing to say about education, charity, science, literature and the fine arts, is not only incomplete but highly unfair. In the case of the Latin-American republics, more than of any other states of the world, to preserve silence about the evidences of culture is to imply its non-existence.

WILLIAM R. SHEPHERD.

The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley. Edited by his wife, DOROTHY STANLEY. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909.-xvii, 551 pp.

The future historian will easily recognize three figures dominating, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the destiny and development of Africa-Cromer, master of the Nile valley in the north; Rhodes, pioneer and educator in the south; and Stanley, soldier, author and statesman, spanning the continent from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic. Behind these men, of course, were the politics and the policies of Europe; but by virtue of their personal power and qualities the names of these three, none of them a "little Englander," are writ large upon the map of the once dark continent. The appearance of Stanley's Autobiography is so timely as almost to justify one in repeating the well-worn phrase and saying that it comes at "the psychological moment." The taking-over of the Congo Free State by Belgium, the death of Leopold and the consequent reversion of the Lado enclave to Great Britain, the union of British South Africathese recent events bring vividly to public attention the present and the future of the Congo and of the entire continent; so that this book, which floods with light the beginning of the regeneration of Africa, becomes of the first importance. As in many similar cases, the posthumous character of the work enlarges its scope and increases its frankness and directness. Many things which could not have been told during the lives of the actors and in the immediate proximity of the events can now be published without reserve; and thus the Autobiography becomes at once a classic of African politics and diplomacy,

giving within a few chapters a far more intelligible groundwork for a thorough study of the beginnings of the transformation of the continent than is elsewhere available. Of the opening of Africa, considered broadly as the introduction of modern methods of civilization, of steam and electricity instead of arms and missions with which to turn tribes from savagery, the Autobiography is a clear and unreserved exposition; and at the same time much light is thrown on the attitude of Great Britain, particularly under the Gladstone régime, to the problems of the Nile valley and of the ultimate partition of the continent.

On every page of what may be called the international chapters is stamped Stanley's personality. Dominant, resolute and courageous, he was "a hard man" only to the weaklings and the cowards, and to the adventurers and speculators who always camp on the trail of explorers, watching for opportunities of personal profit. In the three great African expeditions one can follow Stanley's development from the impetuous, chivalrous adventurer, whose duty was to "find Livingston," to the full-grown master of men, who has worked out for himself the policies to be pursued for their control and elevation. Had Stanley's own country given him for a quarter of a century a free hand in Africa-and that would have meant Gordon as his confidant and associate in civil and military authority-the map of the present and the problems of the future would be other than they are.

That Stanley was one of the most original and many-sided of men has long been known to the world; but even those most familiar with the man and with his life will draw from the study of this book a higher estimate of his versatile powers and of his mastery over them. More like a romance than like a plain tale reads the narrative of the Welsh poorhouse lad, the 'fore-the-mast sailor, the southwestern trader, the Confederate soldier, the prisoner of war, later enrolled in the Union army and navy, the western plainsman, the war correspondent in Abyssinia, in the Caucasus and among the Spanish Carlists—a career so full, vivid and intense that perhaps nowhere else in the world's history was there a training which so thoroughly qualified the man for his destiny. Stanley wrote much and well for newspapers and magazines and in books, but in none has he revealed himself as in this Autobiography. He wrote it, as he says, for those who were to come after him, that it might "either comfort, amuse, instruct or benefit the living and encourage them in their careers.' As to the work of the editor, it is sufficient to say that the artistic touch of Dorothy Tennant and the wifely admiration of Lady Stanley are apparent on every page. HERBERT L. BRIDGMAN. BROOKLYN, N. Y.

Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 17651860. With introductory essays. By GUY S. CALLENDER. Boston,

Ginn and Company, 1909.-xviii, 819 pp.

The last volume in the series of "Selections and Documents in Economics" is particularly welcome, because it makes available for the general reader and for class use a large amount of valuable material which was widely scattered and in large part inaccessible. More than this, it gives coherence to a subject which is now being widely introduced into college curricula. The wide choice of selections and, above all, the editor's illuminating and thoughtful introductory essays, which precede each chapter, give evidence of the labor and care bestowed upon its preparation. It embraces not merely a description of the industrial occupations of the people but takes in all phases of their economic life. According to Professor Callender :

The economic history of a country ought to embrace three fairly distinct matters: first, it should describe and explain the economic life of the people at all stages of their development; second, it should investigate the relation of economic affairs to politics; third, it should attempt to show the influence of economic life upon the social evolution of the country.

These three matters are illustrated in different proportions, in about the order of importance as given, though the last and most elusive is given scant space as compared with the other two.

While high praise must be accorded the book as a whole, one great fault of omission must be noted-the absence of any treatment of agriculture. In the chapter on "Colonial Economy," one citation dealing with the subject is put under the caption "Miscellaneous Features of Economic Life," and that in a community where certainly four-fifths of the population were engaged in that pursuit! Of minor significance is the absence of any account of the various commercial crises during the hundred years covered by the volume. In his treatment of colonial economy, Professor Callender properly emphasizes the importance of the West Indies, both to the nations of Europe and to the American colonies, and the relatively slight importance of the New England colonies to Great Britain. In his treatment of colonial policy he follows the lines marked out by Beer and Ashley.

In his discussion of the Revolution, the breakdown of the Confederation, the adoption of the new Constitution and the foreign relations of the government, Professor Callender gives a materialistic interpretation of American history that is suggestive and refreshing. The Revolution

was the result, in part at least, of a period of commercial depression, and the Constitution was floated in on a flood-tide of commercial prosperity. This phase of the subject is evidently a favorite one with the editor and should prove of interest to historians. For the economist, however, more interest attaches to the treatment of the period from 1815 to the Civil War. The rise of internal commerce marked the transition from the colonial to a national economy and was caused by the extension of cotton culture into the Southwest and by improvements in the means of transportation, permitting a national division of labor, according to which the South raised cotton, the East manufactured it and the West produced food and supplies for both. The importance of markets, both in the colonial period and later in the settlement of the West, is emphasized again and again by the editor. In his discussion of western pioneering he emphasizes a generally neglected point, namely, the evils of too great dispersion of the population; this chapter is particularly full. The treatment of transportation, currency and the public lands may be criticized on the ground that only the relation of the federal government to these matters is illustrated, although the relation of the states to internal improvements, to banking and, in the earlier period at least, to the disposal of the unoccupied lands was even more important than that of the federal government. In Professor Callender's valuable article, published some years ago, on "The Early Transportation and Banking Enterprises of the States in relation to the Growth of Corporations," numerous citations were made from state documents which might with advantage have been included in the present volume. A short chapter on the rise of manufactures is followed by a long one on the tariff, in which Professor Callender agrees with Professor Taussig, ascribing to the tariff small influence upon economic development. The organization of labor and capital is illustrated briefly: the real labor problem of this period consisted in organizing and training a body of operatives rather than in securing for them their industrial and political rights. A valuable concluding chapter deals with "The Economics of Slavery"; for many of the evils usually attributed to this institution Professor Callender holds the lack of capital in the South responsible.

Although the volume is already very full-almost too full for complete use in collateral reading-it is to be hoped that room will be found in any future edition for an adequate treatment of agriculture. It may be suggested also that an index would add to its serviceableness. ERNEST L. BOGART.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.

Chapters on Municipal Administration and Accounting. By FREDERICK A. CLEVELAND. New York, Longmans, Green and Company, 1909.-xvi, 361 pp.

The fundamental thesis of this book is expressed in a few quotable

sentences:

The limit of social organization is the limit of human ingenuity to devise systems of inspection and of administrative account and statistics which may provide the means for intelligent official direction and for comprehensive reports to the proprietor, the stockholder or the citizen [page 15]. The man who pays taxes does not pay for bad government; he pays for good government. He pays for protection to the community; for the protection of each member alike, whether taxpayer or non-taxpayer. If government is not efficient, it is not the taxpayer as taxpayer who suffers, but each individual member of the community as the beneficiary of public funds [page 26].

From the point of view of public morality and institutional efficiency, is it not just as important to control a million dollars' worth of goods as it is to control a million dollars of cash with which the goods are to be purchased? [page 37].

It has come to be recognized that the malfeasances, the misfeasances and the nonfeasances of office in the past have not been due to lack of law. The law at all times has been adequate to bring to justice every person who has proved false to a public office or trust. Failure of justice in every instance has been due to the same cause as inefficient administration, viz., insufficiency of evidence-in other words, the inability of the courts to get at the facts [page 42].

When a method shall be installed which will make and preserve the evidence of personal credit or discredit to be attached to the acts of each official and municipal employee, then and not till then will municipal administration lose its taint and men and measures be chosen with the same assurance that now obtains in industrial and commercial lines [page 72].

A first essential ... is a system of accounts and operative statistics by means of which an intelligent conclusion may be reached as to the public service rendered and as to the cost of such service in each of the several departments, divisions, and institutions asking for public support [page 74].

This thesis few who read the other pages of this volume are likely to doubt. The doubters are those who do not believe that any system of administrative organization, accounts and statistics can be devised to show just what has been done and who has done it. Mr. Cleveland's book gives many concrete facts showing wherein, under old-fashioned methods, responsibility for evil was in part unknown and in part im