hence help to fix woman's work
nearer the gratuitous standard,
328; sex and crime, 441, 442;
in work in France, 497; in Ger-
many, 524; in strikes, 328
Shearing frames, 681, 685
Shears, cast steel, English
American prices of, 590
Sheep, taxed in Turkey, but im-
ports and aliens free, 488; in
France, 498; antiquity of sheep
culture and history of, 668-683;
development of, 671; may be
bred to any pattern, 671; high
prices on merinos in America,
676; growth of sheep and yield
of wool in United States,
677
Sheetings, 383, 666
Shillings, 339, 341
Ships, building and repairing of in
United States, low returns to
capital and large to labor in, 313;
English ships needed protection
until they could carry cheaper
than all others (Mill), 557; wages
in, in America and Europe, 581;
American ships came under free
competition in 1816, 642; ship-
building dependent on iron and
steel manufacture since 1845,
648; British ships protected by
discriminating duties on iron
carried in them, 648; canvas
and cordage for, 652; rapid
growth of shipping while under
protection in United States, 653,
654, 656; national quality of
ships and right to protection,
654; free ships would put an end
to ship-building, 655; decline of
American ocean-going marine
because unprotected itself and
dependent on iron and steel
manufactures, also unprotected,
656; while English iron and steel
industries were got ready for
ship-building by persistent pro-
tection, 640; subsidies to English
ocean-going vessels, 659, 662,
663; denial of subsidies to Amer-
ican ocean-going vessels, 657,
658; American penny-wise mean-
ness toward ships enables Eng-
land to score a handsome net
profit on her piracy over all costs
of indemnity, 663
Shoddy and rags, in Yorkshire,
122; in English blankets, 590,
672
Shoemakers' tools, American ex-
port of, 596; productions of in
United States, 697
Shoes, export of from New Eng-
land, 35; law governing price of
in exchange with corn, 97; strikes
in, 328; protected in 1824, 383;
women's shoes exported from
United States, for one hundred
years past; magnitude, value,
and cheapness of New England
shoe trade, 697, 698
Shovels, English and American
prices of, 590
Siberia, tribal ownership in, 23
Sidon, 453
Silesia, wools of, 672
Silk, early culture of, in America,
631; visionary economic views
concerning, 631; colonial export
of raw, 631; revival of in 1826,
and silkworm mania, 632, 633;
manufacture of, in United States,
sharing of product in, 313; Eng-
lish silks protected against Irish
by Act of Union, 493; taxes on
manufacture of, in China, 455;
decline of silk manufacture in
Turkey, 491
Silks, French imports and exports
of, 26; Belgium, 26; manufac-
turers of Bengal petition for
same protection against English
silks as England exacts against
theirs, 487; former repute of
Turkish silks and velvets, 490;
in France, 500-503; statutes in
aid of silk manufacture in Eng-
land, 555; wages in silk hats in
America and Europe, 581; Eng-
lish silks protected against Irish
by Act of Union, 493; decline of
the tariff tax on silk though the
duty remains the same, 620, 621;
manufacture of in America,
growth of value of product, 633;
consequence of protective
duties, 633; decline of manufac-
ture in England under free trade,
632; proportion of silk manufac-
ture to Great Britain's entire
manufacture (McCulloch), 637;
McCulloch's attempt to "explain
away" the destruction of the
English silk manufacture by
free trade, 637, 638; imports of
into United States from France
and Germany,637; former rivalry
between England and France in,
637; scarf of silk in Coeur de
Leon's contest with Saladin, 646;
fibre of compared with wool,
672
Silver, in India, 331; the money of
the poor, the retailer, the laborer,
and of vital consumption, 339;
in England, 399; relative quantity
used, 344; has free coinage, and
is standard in India, 362; in Ger-
many, 363; effect of cessation of
drain to India accurately foretold
by Meggins prior to 1770, and
verified in 1873, 373; export of,
where it subtracts from circula-
ting medium, 383, 384; Ameri-
can interest in Chinese trade,
536
Simplicity, as a cover for indolence,
571
Skill, influence of on wages, 312
Slaughtering and meat packing in
United States, relative wages
and profits, 312
Slavery, associated with tribal
ownership, 23; and pauperism,
30; relative prosperity of free
and slave states partly due to
race capacity, 33; in United
States by census, 146; slavery
abolished by substitution
wages for force, 164; servants,
provision for, 166; change of
opinion concerning slavery with
growth of freedom, 233; relation
of to free trade and the secession
movement of 1832-33,678-679; rise
in price of slaves due to success of
cotton, 384; in civilization is suc-
ceeded by penitentiaries, 444;
slave labor and free trade parts of
the same scheme of propagand-
ism in United States, 553, 687;
profits of cotton-growing and
slave-growing combine to make
slavery a power, 687; the slavery
struggle in America an economic
war, 688
Smiths, 383, 511, 646
Smuggling, between England and
France exceeded legitimate trade
in 1774, 500; right to smuggle in
China and Japan backed by
British forces, 554; in New York
it is effected by agents of foreign
houses (Wells and committee of
Congress), 605
Soap, England protected her soap-
makers, but gave the Irish free
soap by Act of Union, 493; ex-
port of, 611; import of and reve-
nue from, 614
Socialism, theory of tribal or com-
munal ownership should be
studied, how, 23; state socialism
and wherein all state life is social,
57, 60; what is social wealth, 63–
65; social view of title, 125-150;
Henry George's scheme of land,
125, 130; disappears as to title
with advances of society, but in-
creases as to use, 130-151; culmi-
nates in slavery, 138; socialistic
tendencies of taxation, 145; aid to
railways and reaction against,
145-161; railway theories of
socialism, 160; argument of, as to
capital, labor, and wages, ex-
ploitation and robbery, stated and
answered, 167-185; Mill's quasi-
socialism, 185; the socialist ob-
jection to accumulation ans-
wered, 198-210; Karl Marx, 209;
social saving by private enter-
prise, 218; poor survive best in
cities, 219; social gain by large
capitals, 220; social use of re-
productive wealth, 224; Bastiat
on socialism, 234; objections of
socialists to large fandholding,
272; socialist views of labor dis-
cussed, 304-320; destruction of
values by strikes, 310, 328; doc-
trine that returns to capital are
a robbery of labor is subversive
of all social order, and tends only
to destroy industry, 307; wages
of social labor, 323; tendencies
of local government to socialist
undertakings, 477-479; socialism⚫
of the Russian mir and artel,
526; in Russian finance, 528;
Russian socialism in two aspects
exceeds that of western nations,
529
Sociology, relation of to political
Soil, exhaustion of, 253-256; re-
lation of protective policy to,
570, 571; would first be used for
making iron, 645
Sol, monetary unit of Peru, 338
Soldiers, erroneous statistics of in
France under Napoleon III., 30;
health of British soldiers serving
abroad, 31; of recruits in France,
32; bounty laws in America, 145;
wages of, 290; hold the power at
first, 402; cost and functions of,
437-440; relation of to industry,
440; soldiers for sale in Germany
while export raw materials, 515;
expenditure on soldiers in France,
497
Sophisms, of Mill as to protective
duties producing no revenue,
469-472; may apply to a theory,
but not to a practice, hence to
free trade but not to protection,
507; of Bastiat criticised, 506-
513; of Perry as to paying for
foreign products with domestic
and trading for profit, 571-577,
578
Southern States, effect of war of
1861-5, 415, 687, 688; in salt
making, 694
South Carolina, in 1828 to 1837,
384,629, 630; silk raising, 631
Southdown wools, 672
Sovereigns, 340-342; pound ster-
ling, 340
Sovereignty of United States with-
in its powers, 415; sovereignties
merged in Germany, 522; of
China and Japan undermined as
to tariff, 533, 534
Spain, 214; monetary unit of,
338; government responsible,
407; debt of, 448; order des-
troying vines and olive trees in
Mexico, 480; tariff of, 530; Am-
erican balance of trade against,
600; product of iron, steel, and
coal, 650; wool and woolens, 668,
669; wools of, 672
Sparta, causes of its peculiar state
life were economic, 402; aristo-
cratic, 405
Specie, import and export of,
383; turned, 384, 386; resump-
tion of, 529
Specific duty on tobacco, con-
verted into ad valorem, 481;
nearly all duties specific under
Zollverein, 517; on glass in
United States, 644
Spinning jenny, 681, 684; spin-
ning frame or throstle, 684
Spirits, 480, 481, 482; export of,
611; import and revenue, 614
Spirituous liquors, annual value
of, consumed in United States,
25; taxes on, 463, 464; effects of,
475; how methylated for use in
arts, 476; English revenue from,
480, 481, 482
Spiritual government, 428
St. Petersburg, 351, 405
Stamps, revenue from, 479, 482;
in India, 486
Standard, silver, and later gold
in England, 334; coin, 335, 336;
in United States, 336; nine
meanings, 342; single and
double, on, 361; Beaconsfield on,
362
Starch, Act of Union gave Ireland
free starch, England protected
starch, 493; export of from
United States, 611; import and
revenue, 614
State, control of railways by, 29;
origin and functions, 131-151;
aid to railways in United States,
150-161; decline of cost (value)
and increase of utility of the
state as society advances (Elder),
324; state, like the family or the
basic qualities of human nature,
is a necessity, and natural, 392,
393; the government of interest
known as industry or business
is more searching, minute, and
controlling than the political
state, 399; it is an unconscious
government, 400; form of the
state determined by the material
conditions of the people, 402-
404; state as a mechanism
much alike in its essence and
form, whatever its mode of selec-
tion, 404-415; parliamentary
and representative states, 406;
responsible ministry and dis-
soluble legislature, 407-412;
Roman state, 412; what forces
state must represent, 413; con-
curring majorities" according
to Calhoun, 414; relation of in-
dustrial to political, 431; the
state as wise as its average con-
stituency only, 441; objects in
punishment, 440; state debts in
United States, 448; loans to,
448; effect on tax policies of
state becoming a producer, 456;
subjects of a state do not pay all
its taxes, 457; state taxation in
United States, 468; functions of
in England shown by diversity
of local rates, 477-479; state aid
to railways in Canada, 531;
state aid to silk culture in United
States, 631-633; state aid to
glass-making in Massachusetts,
639; state is the sum of all in-
trinsically profitless but socially
necessary industries, 700, 701;
and hence merges into identity
with protection, 700, 701
Statesmanship, its relation to polit-
ical economy, 8, 17; American
examples of, 38; state defined,
131; statesmen assume the basic
qualities of human nature as
constant factors, 398; forms
through which it works in Eng-
land, America, France, etc.,
406-429; class who supply work
for statesmen, 447; statesmen
should know whether a tax pro-
duces revenue and prosperity,
465-469, 469-473; as this is a
practical matter, but need not
know its final incidence, which
is a metaphysical subtlety, 459-
460; statesmanship of Russia in
emancipation, 527; of Germany,
514-523; of colonial and Cana-
dian independence, 531; Chinese
statesmanship as to subversion
of native industry by foreign pro-
cesses prematurely introduced,
548; American statesmen over-
reached and out maneuvered by
English from 1815 to 1860 in mat-
ters relating to carrying trade
and ocean ships, 640-664; de-
struction of American merchant
marine an intended stepping-
stone to disunion, 657, 658; of
Sir John A. Macdonald, 664; of
Colbert in France, 673, 674;
artisans, how attracted, 674;
blunder of French statesman-
ship in 1786, 674; triumph of
Napoleon's protective policy in
Europe, 674,675; statesmanship
of America holds protection to
be the surest road to cheapness,
683; of Great Britain sacrifices
domestic production to foreign
trade, 689
Statistics, definition of, 24; phil-
osophy of, 24-40; Cossa's fal-
lacy as to, 24; what they show,
24; fallacious handling of, 24-
26; conflicts of, as between dif-
ferent nations, 26-28; may be due
not to error but to different
classification, 27; as to silks,
coal, wool, hops, glass, 28; of
china discredited, 29; military
under Napoleon III., 30; of
the poor prove relief only and
not poverty, 30; of eccentric
marriage, 30; of health and cli-
mate, 31; crime, 32, 443, 444;
taken with a bias, 33; accurate
predictions of population, 145;
of grain production, shortage and
effect of in United States, 1879-
1883,106,117; Mongredien's errors
concerning causes of dear bread-
stuffs in England, 112; during
Napoleon wars, 112-113; chart
showing that fluctuations in
America and France were iden-
tical with those in England, 124;
of repeal of corn laws, 119; of
immigration into America, 141–
150; chart of, 147; of forests in
United States, 148; of beginning
of railways, 152-157; land grants,
157, 158; of division of product
between capital and labor, and
of division of capital fund be-
tween rent, interest, profits, 173-
182; of economy of large capitals,
219-230; of relative capacity
of reproduction as between man
and his food, 230-234; of ratio
of rent to value, 244; of rent
and transportation as balancing,
250-252; of diminution in value
of products by distance from
markets, tax of transportation,
252; exhaustion of soils and
contra, 254; of ratio of farm in-
comes, farm values, and farm
wages to nearness of consumers
(Dodge), 256-262; of agriculture
by machinery, 263-267; of large
landholders in America and
England, 268-274; of depopula-
tion and waste of Ireland, 274-
275; of emergence of food plants
into general use, 275-280; of
cost and economy of strikes and
lockouts, 310, 328; of division
between capital fund and wage
fund in America, 311-314; of
women who labor, 325-328; of
value of standard coins, 338; of
fineness of British coins, 340-
342; of all coins and paper in
use, 344; of export of bonds,
340; of turning from silver to
gold in Germany, 362; of rate
of production of gold and silver,
363-367; causes of disparity
between silver and gold, 368;
of crises, 1825-6 in England,
371; 1847 in England, 374; 1857
in England, 377; of 1816-19 in
United States, 381; of 1837 in
United States, 382-385; of 1857 in
United States, 385-388; of 1866 in
England, 389; of 1873 in United
States, 390-392; of balance of
trade doctrine, 393, 394; of bal-
ance of trade, how marred, 395;
of cost of armies, 437; of crime,
440; of income and expendi-
ture of United States in 1883, 45;
of average imports and ratio of
revenue to imports under pro-
tection and low duties from 1821
to 1861, 469-470; of taxation in
Great Britain, 476, 479; of pau-
pers in England, 478; of cost of
collecting revenue, 482; of spo-
liation of India, 484-488; of
Turkey, 488-491; spoliation and
decline of Ireland, 491–495; of
occupations of French, 496; of
women in France, 497; of reve-
nues, 498; of French taxes,
499; of population of the Zoll-
verein, 516; of German reve-
nues and prosperity, 492-524;
of sources of revenue, 523; of
iron and steel production, 522;
of emancipation in Russia, 527;
of resumption of specie pay-
ments in Russia, 528; concern-
ing China always begin in a
guess, 537; of Chinese popula-
tion as estimated by most com-
petent geographers, 538-550; of
Chinese immigration to America,
548; of rates of duty and of
duties paid by foreign producers
under American tariff, 607-620 ;
of steel rails, cutlery, plumbing
ware, paper, and crockery trades,
620-626; of experiments in silk
culture in America, 631; Ameri-
can manufacture of silk, 633 ;
of silk manufacture in England,
634-637; of progress of iron in-
dustry in Great Britain, 646; of
the world's iron, steel, and coal
production in 1881-1883, 650;
of American iron and steel pro-
ducts, steel rails, railroad build-
ing, and immigration from 1860
to 1883, 651; of English and
American shipping and their
rivalry in ocean carrying trade,
652-664; of manufactures in
Canada, 664, 668; of sheep and
wool and prices, 666-684; of
cotton and cotton goods manufac-
ture in United States and Eng-
land, 684-691; of quinine, 692;
of American and foreign salt,
693-697
Statutes, of England protective and
prohibitory, 555; protective of
iron, steel, and shipping, 648;
American less so, 648; English
protection of wool, 669
Steel (see Iron), acts to protect
manufacture of, in England, 555;
wages earned in iron and steel
in United States, 312; German,
523; wages in steel works United
States and Europe, 581; were the
duties on steel rails a tax on con-
|