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OF THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY.

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1. Commerce of the State. Solidarity of the human race. Two-fold nature

of man. Correspondence between the structure and functions of the indi-

vidual man, and the aggregate man denominated Society. Co-ordinating

office of the brain. Its power limited by the necessary liberty of the indi-

vidual organs. Various degrees of subordination of the parts. Checks and

balances of the system, correspond to those of civil government. Necessity

for exercise of the power of co-ordination grows, in individuals and societies,

as the organization becomes more complete. Local centres of the physical

and social systems. Power and duties of the brain. Correspondence of

those of civil government. Government among spontaneities. Order and

liberty combined and secured. Graduated and federated system of govern-

ment, in the human body, analogous to the political organization of that

social one which constitutes the United States

22. Social science here branches into political economy-the one treating of

natural laws, and the other of the measures required for enabling those laws

to have full effect. Relation of science and art, as exhibited by M. Comte.

Necessity for exercise of the power of co-ordination. Duties to be performed,

in reference to the social body, the same with those that, in the physical

one, arc assigned to the brain. The more perfect the co-ordination, the

more complete, in both, the development of all the parts, and the more har-

monious the action of the whole. Tendency to the creation of local centres.

The more perfect the balance of opposing forces, the greater the tendency

towards human freedom. Duty of the co-ordinating power limited to the

removal of obstacles to association

3. Universal tendency towards association. Joint-stock companies. Acts
of incorporation. Limitation of liability. Correspondence of the societary
action with the natural laws instituted for man's government. Monopolies.
Early appearance, among the Greeks and Romans, of corporations for politi-

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cal and commercial purposes. Limitation of liability throughout the Roman

empire. With growing centralization and declining civilization, limitation

disappears. Consequent disappearance of local governments, followed by

ruin of the empire. Gradual revival of local institutions. Effect of their

re-appearance, in facilitating commerce, promoting the development of

individuality, and aiding in the re-establishment of regular government.

American civil polity distinguished by the prevalence and diversity of corpo-

rations. Organization necessary to association. Societary movement be-

comes more rapid as the power of combination becomes more complete.

Power of the trader declines as men are more enabled to associate. Buying

and selling an array of hostile interests-all idea of harmony or equity being

excluded. Harmony grows as the producer and the consumer take their

places by each other-discord, on the contrary, growing, as they become more

widely separated.

24. Colbert and his policy. His full appreciation of the necessity for the

exercise, by the State, of a power of co-ordination. Hume, on the necessity

for preserving with care the manufactures of a nation. Adam Smith no

advocate of the indiscriminate adoption of the system of laisser faire. Say,

Rossi, Mill, and others, on the duties of a government, in reference to diver-

sification of the pursuits of the people over whom it is placed................... 424

5. M. Chevalier. His approval of the protective system. Within certain

limits, governments, being the personification of nations, are but performing

a positive duty, when they favor the taking possession of all the branches of

industry whose acquisition is authorized by the nature of things. Holds that

French agriculture has ceased to be protected. Inaccuracy of the view thus

presented. Accuracy of his views in reference to the small product of

American agriculture. Heavy taxation of American farmers, and compara-

tive exemption of those of France. Freedom of trade enjoyed by the latter,

as compared with the restrictions on the former. Causes of these differences, 425

6. The world word-governed — unmeaning phrases being made objects of

world-worship. Tyranny of governments whose theory is that of laisser faire.

Governments oppressive in the ratio of failure to exercise their powers of co-

ordination. Errors of modern economists. Gigantic communism a conse-

quence of the British system. Real import of the doctrine of laisser faire.

Necessity for exercise of the co-ordinating power grows with the growth of

wealth and numbers. The more perfect the power of association within the

State, the greater the power of its people to contribute to the commerce of

the world

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