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Positive checks to population, apparent]
necessity for, a consequence of growing
centralization of trading-power, iii. 464.
Post Office, the. How it illustrates the
difference between trade and commerce,
i. 211.
Potential energy awaiting the command
of man, iii. 107. Becomes developed,
as man and matter become individual-
ized, iii. 107.

Poverty and rapacity of Sparta, i. 245.
and depopulation of Turkey, i.

315.

of the French people, i. 255; of
early colonists, i. 263; of the sove-
reigns of France, ii. 43; of France,
under Louis XV., ii. 48.

Power for evil, in both the physical and
social worlds, exists in the direct ratio
of the power for good, i. 369.

of association grows with increase
of numbers, i. 99. Exists in the direct
ratio of the development of individual-
ity, i. 257. Grows in all the countries
that follow in the lead of Colbert, ii.
175. Declines in all those that adopt
the theories of the English school, i.
367. How it affects production, iii. 19;
accumulation, iii. 58; circulation, iii.
77; distribution, iii. 119; taxation, iii.
199; the demand for food, iii. 319.

of combination, the distinguish-
ing characteristic of civilization, i. 266.
How affected by supplies of the precious
metals, ii. 297.

of consumption. How affected by
measures of protection, ii. 276.

of nature. How it exhibits itself
to the savage and the man of science,
ii. 353.

of progress, one of the distinctive
characteristics of man, i. 60.

of the State grows with growing
concentration, iii. 232.

placed at the command of the
people of the United States, ii. 208;
waste of the, ii. 210.

to command increased supplies of
food and clothing accompanied by di-
minished necessity for either, iii. 318.

to maintain commerce increases
with increase in the value of man, ii.
32, iii. 452.

Powers of man, and his necessities, al-
ways in the inverse ratio of each other
-the two combined making a constant
quantity, i. 208.

of nature become embodied in the

man, i. 264.
Precious metals, the. Recommendations
of, as standards of value, ii. 295. How
their value is affected by the process
of coinage, ii. 296. How human labor
is economised by their use, ii. 298.

How they affect the societary move-
ment, ii. 299. To the social body
what atmospheric air is to the physical
one, ii. 300.
How the supply of, af-
fects wages and interest, ii. 309. Tend
always towards those places at which
they are most utilized, ii. 309. How
their use tends to promote the freedom
of man, ii. 309. Tendency of, towards
Great Britain, ii. 310. Present move-
ment of, ii. 311. Tendency of, towards
those countries in which raw products
tend most to rise in price, ii. 312; from
those in which the price of such pro-
duce declines, ii. 313. Phenomena of
the movement of, ii. 315. Their ex-
traordinary power over the condition of
men, ii. 320. Equalizing tendency of
increase in the supply of, ii. 319, 345.
How they may be attracted, ii. 325.
The commodities that render the largest
amount of service in proportion to
their cost, ii. 325. How increase in
the supply of, tends to augment the
supply of food, ii. 329. Cannot be-
come superabundant, ii. 330. Tend to
leave those countries that do not use
circulating notes, ii. 333. Supply of,
in Great Britain and the United States,
ii. 340. How the societary movement
of France is affected by, ii. 341. Value
of, declines, as their utility increases,
ii. 345. Tend towards those countries
which follow in the lead of Colbert, ii.
351. Constitute the great instruments
of association, ii. 355. Universal ae-
ceptability of, ii. 357. Tendency of,
towards steadiness of value, ii. 360.
Movement of, in the United States, ii.
436, 480. Hume on the supply of,
and its effects, ii. 446. Errors of Adam
Smith in regard to, ii. 453. Turkey,
the country whose policy is most in
accordance with the advice of British
economists in reference to, ii. 464. Mr.
J. S. Mill on the services rendered by,
ii. 467. M. Bastiat on, ii. 471. M.
Chevalier on, ii. 478.

Predominance of the animal faculties of
man, iii. 298.

Price, definition of, ii. 301. Phenomena
of, ii. 267. Hume on, ii. 326.
Prices. Approximation in those of rude
products and finished commodities, the
essential test of civilization, i. 464;
comes with growing civilization, ii. 301,
iii. 43, 59, 187, 236, 369, 436. How that
approximation affects production, iii.
42; accumulation, iii. 59; circulation,
iii. 93; distribution, iii. 116.

how affected by measures of pro-
tection, ii. 274, 275.

-, how affected by supplies of the
precious metals, ii. 315.

Prices, comparative, of Russia and France,

ii. 150.

how affected by excess or defi-
ciency of supply, ii. 192.

of finished commodities tend to
fall, as agriculture becomes a science,
ii. 267; contrary tendency, as agricul-
ture declines, ii. 267.

of rude products, decline of, in
the United States, ii. 189, 197, 273.

of Russian products, how they are
affected by distance from market, ii.
173.

of agricultural products, how they
are affected by the supply of the pre-
cious metals, ii. 329. Recession from
each other of the prices of such pro-
ducts, and those of finished commodi-
ties, in the United States, ii. 205, 228.
-, phenomena of, observed
France, ii. 307.
Principle, first, of the trader, i. 210.
Principles, truths that are prior to all
facts, iii. 354.

in

of Social and Physical Science,
iii. 466.
Privileges of foreign merchants in Eng-
land, in the 14th century, i. 394.
Problem, the, of Social Science, i. 34.
Procreation. Limited power of, among
the hunter tribes, iii. 299. General
laws of, iii. 302. The corrective of
excessive, iii. 302. Comparative phy-
siology of, iii. 302. How affected by
the various mental and moral develop-
ments, iii. 303. Ratio of, governed by
societary conditions, iii. 305. Pros-
pective changes in the ratio of, iii. 305.
How influenced by devotion to trade,
polities, and science, iii. 308.
Procreative tendency, the. Being ad-
mitted to be a positive quantity, slavery
becomes the necessarily ultimate con-
dition of the mass of the human race,
iii. 265. Not a positive quantity, iii.
267. Adaptability of, to the socie-
tary condition, iii. 271, 286. Is sub-
ject to no determinate rule of action,
iii. 272.

Produce of French agriculture, prior to
the Revolution, ii. 52. Great increase
thereof, in the period that has since
elapsed, ii. 54.

Producer and consumer. Come together
as employments become diversified, i.
83. Approximation of the, the condi-
tion of progress, i. 221. Desires of
both, directly opposed to those of the
trader, i. 212, ii. 221, iii. 23. Waste
resulting from separation of the, ii. 213.
Production increases, as the two are
brought together, iii. 21. Power of
accumulation in the ratio of the ap-
proximation of the, iii. 49. Circulation

becomes more rapid as the distance is
decreased, iii. 93. How their approxi-
mation affects the value of land and
labor, iii. 43, 59, 93, 116, 187, 215, 236.
How it influences the condition of
woman, iii. 369.

Production, cost of, not a measure of
value, i. 156.

and consumption of India, i. 349
increases, as the necessity for the
machinery of exchange diminishes, i.
189. Tendency of the British system
to increase the necessity for the use of
that machinery, and thus diminish, i.
286, 365.

In-

-, of, iii. 17. Where does it end,
and where does consumption begin?
iii. 18. Every act of the one, an act
of the other-the two being, therefore,
measures of each other, iii. 18. Con-
sists in reducing the forces of nature
to the service of man, iii. 18. Grows
in the ratio of the development of
human powers, iii. 19. Man, the ulti-
mate object of all, iii. 21. Grows with
the growth of demand, iii. 21.
creases, as the trader's power declines,
iii. 23. The less the friction between
the consumer and the producer, the
greater the, iii. 24. Increases, as men
are more and more enabled to combine
together, iii. 26. Growth and decline
of, in Athens, iii. 26; in Italy, and the
Netherlands, iii. 27; in France, iii. 28;
of England, at various periods, iii. 31;
of Scotland, iii. 37. Increase of, that
follows the extension of cultivation
over richer soils, iii. 38. Phenomena
of, exhibited in the United States, iii.
41; in Spain, iii. 41. Diminishes as
the market becomes more distant, iii.
42. The more numerous the societary
differences, the larger the, iii. 43. In-
creases, as the prices of rude products
and finished commodities approximate
to each other, iii. 42. Civilization grows,
as consumption follows more rapidly
on, iii. 43. Increases, as matter tends
more and more to assume its highest
forms, iii. 43. Grows, as the societary
circulation becomes more rapid, iii. 44.
Errors of modern economists in regard
to, iii. 43. Increases, as the absolutely-
necessary wants of man diminish, iii.
318.

of sperm-cells regulated by men-
tal activity, iii. 303.
Productive and unproductive employ-
ments, of, i. 193. Mr. J. S. Mill on,

iii. 45.

Profit, high rate of, in purely agricultu-
ral countries, i. 158, iii. 116. Rate of,
declines, as the societary circulation
becomes more rapid, iii. 119. Capital

accumulates most rapidly where the
rate is low, iii. 119. Reverse of this
held by Mr. McCulloch, iii. 122.
Progress, power of, one of the distinctive
characteristics of man, i. 60. Heat,
motion, and force, essential to, in both
the physical and social world, i. 60.
Rate of, dependent on the rapidity
with which consumption follows pro-
duction, i. 61. The more instant the
demand for human powers, the greater
the tendency towards acceleration in
the rate of, ii. 297.

Prohibition of manufactures in the Brit-
ish West Indies, i. 295; in the North
American Colonies, i. 286.
Property, insecurity of, in the early stages
of society, i. 234.

Proportion of labor's products assigned to
the laborer increases, as that of the
capitalist diminishes, i. 157, iii. 112, 210.

borne by machinery of exchange
to production, diminishes as men are
more enabled to associate, i. 189.
Proportions, law of definite, equally ap-
plicable in Physical and Social Science,
i. 199. As exhibited in the societary
distribution, i. 234, 263, 416, 460, ii. 20,
22, 39. As applied to profits, interest,
freights, or rents, iii. 116.

of labor wasted and economised,
in the various stages of society, ii. 20.
of trade and transportation, in-
crease in, in the United States, ii. 218.

of money to commerce, ii. 358.
of the land-owners and the labor-
ers, according to the Ricardo theory,
iii. 135. That theory compared with
the facts observed, iii. 150.-(See Rent
of land.)

Pro-slavery tendencies of the United
States, ii. 252.

Prospect of life increases, with the de-
velopment of individuality, i. 259.
Prospective changes in the ratio of pro-
creation, iii. 305.

Prosperity comes with diversity in the
demand for human efforts, iii. 341.
Prostitution. The necessary consequence
of a system based upon the idea of
cheap labor, iii. 380. Of, in London,
iii. 381. Of, in America, iii. 385. Dr.
Sanger on, iii. 385.
Protection, of. Reasons for its adoption
by Portugal, i. 308. Measures of,
adopted in France, under the adminis-
tration of Colbert, ii. 46. Their effect,
in giving value to land and labor, ii.
47. Policy of, maintained by Turgot,
ii. 49. Repudiated by the negotiators
of the Eden treaty, ii. 49. Re-esta-
blished by the Revolutionary govern-
ment, and strengthened by Napoleon,
ii. 50. Effect of, as exhibited in the

progress of agriculture, ii. 51. Simul-
taneous adoption of, by the principal
nations of Europe and America, ii. 111.
In Prussia, ii. 128. In Russia, ii. 149.
In Denmark, ii. 112. In Sweden, ii.
167. Operation of. in the United States,
ii. 225. How the laborer is affected by,
ii. 277. How it cheapens finished com-
modities, while raising the prices of
rude products, ii. 274, 275. How it
affects commerce, ii. 277. How it in-
fluences the movements of the precious
metals, ii. 351. How it affects the cur-
rency of the United States, ii. 437.
How it has influenced the societary
movement of the United States, ii. 438.
How it promotes the growth of capital,
iii. 67. The necessary preparation for
the substitution of direct for indirect
taxation, iii. 207. How it promotes
competition for the purchase of labor,
iii. 246. How it influences the supply
of food in the United States, iii. 322.
How it affects the demand for female
labor, iii. 383. How regarded by Col-
bert, iii. 424; by Hume and Smith, iii.
425; by J. B. Say, iii. 426; by M. Blan-
qui, iii. 427; by M. De Jonnès, iii. 428;
by Mr. J. S. Mill, iii. 428; by M. Che-
valier, iii. 429. Why is it needed? iii.
441.
Its object, that of establishing
perfect freedom of commerce through-
out the world, iii. 453.
Protective policy of Spain, ii. 119.

of England, origin and
extension of the, i. 394, 398, 404.
Proximity of the market, indispensable
to the growth of agriculture, ii. 29.
Prudence and foresight, recommended by
writers who commence by expelling
from the minds of their readers all
feeling of hope, iii. 362.

Prussia, rapid advance of, in wealth and
power, i. 49. Concentration, as exhib-
ited in, iii. 226. Division of the land of,
and its effects, iii. 84.-(See Germany.)
Prussian tariff of 1818, protective features
of the, ii. 128.

Psychology follows Social Science, in the
order of development, i. 22.
Public lands of the United States, sales
of the, ii. 230.

revenue of Turkey, diminution in
the, i. 312.

revenue of the United States,
movement of the, ii. 222.

Q.

Quarterly Review, on English agriculture,
ii. 33. On the condition of the juve-
nile population of England, iii. 394.
Question to be settled, that of progress.
and not that of existing condition, ii. 73.

Questions asked by Mathematics and by

Science, wide difference of the, iii. 469.
Quijano, M., on the cause of value, i. 174.

R.

Railroad corporations, growth of the
power of, to control legislation, iii. 444.

systems of India and Ireland,
tendencies of the, i. 368.
Rank of the animal, fecundity graduated
inversely to the, iii. 302.
Rate, high, of profit in agricultural coun-
tries, iii. 116. Accompanied by small-
ness of amount, iii. 116.

Ratio of procreation governed by socie-
tary conditions, iii. 305.
Raudot, M., on the decline of France,
ii. 62.

Raw material, definition of, ii. 303.

materials, prices of, tend to rise with
the progress of civilization, i. 427, ii.
302. Their tendency to fall, in all the
countries subject to the British system,
/i. 429. Approximation in the prices
of, towards those of finished commodi-
ties, one of the most conclusive proofs
of human progress, i. 464, ii. 301, iii.
43, 59, 93, 116, 369. Tend toward those
places at which they are most utilized,
ii. 308.

Real freedom of trade consists in the ex-

ercise of the power to maintain direct
commerce with the outer world. Its
establishment, the object of measures
of protection, iii. 453.

Recklessness in the United States, ii. 248.
Reform Act of Great Britain, failure of
the, i. 451.

Reformers, general error of, iii. 470. How
they might profit by the study of Social
Science, iii. 470.

Relations of the sexes, iii. 368.

Slavery

of woman in the early periods of so-
ciety, iii. 368. Becomes more free, as
man advances in wealth and power,
iii. 368.

of the family, how affected by di-
vision of the land, iii. 387.
Rent of land, high proportion claimed as,
in purely agricultural communities, i.
158. Diminution in the proportion of,
an evidence of progress, i. 169. In-
creases in amount, as it declines in its
proportion to the product, i. 176, iii.
133. Obedient to the general law of
distribution, iii. 131. Changes in, con-
sequent upon the growth of power to
cultivate richer soils, iii. 133. Decline
in its proportions, as labor becomes
more productive, iii. 133. Examina-
tion of Mr. Ricardo's theory of, iii. 136–
154. Error of Adam Smith in refe-
rence to, iii. 144. Diminution of its

503

proportions admitted by Mr. Malthus,
iii. 144. Changes in the, in England,
since the time of Arthur Young, iii.
146.

Diminution in the proportions
of, in France, iii. 147. Mr. Ricardo's
theory of, inconsistent with all the facts
observed, iii. 154. Phenomena of
Greece and Italy, in regard to, iii. 155.
Proportions of, increase, as land be-
comes more and more consolidated, iii.
156.

Reproduction, cost of, the limit of value,
Rents of Ireland, i. 323.
i. 149. Determines the value of all
Reproductive function predominates in
commodities, ii. 335, iii. 111, 133.
woman, iii. 298.
adjusted to varying con-
ditions of the human race, by organic
laws, iii. 296.

and intellectual and moral
powers, mature cotemporaneously, iii.
Repulsive character of the British trading
300.
system, iii. 347.
of the modern political

Resistance to the system of trading cen-
economy, i. 196.
tralization, how to be effected, ii. 101,
iii. 453.
Responsibility, one of the distinguishing
characteristics of man, i. 57. Absence
of, in the early stages of society, i. 58.
Becomes developed with the growth
of individuality, i. 58. How it exhibits
itself in Germany and the United States,
i. 59. Individuality, association, and,
develop themselves together, i. 60.
Grows with the growth of wealth, i.
197; with division of the land, iii.
275. How it affects the growth of
population, iii. 276. Grows with in-
crease in the gifts of God to man, iii.
364. Malthusian theory transfers the
burthen of, from the rich and strong,
to the poor and weak, iii. 365.
parent and child, iii. 387. How that
Of
of parents is manifested in Central and
Northern Europe, iii. 388.
England, and in the countries that fol-
How, in
low in her lead, iii. 391; in the United
States, iii. 397. Becomes developed in
the ratio of the approximation of the
prices of rude products and finished
commodities, iii. 400. Of the states-
Restraints upon Irish commerce and
man, iii. 471.
Restrictions on French commerce, prior
manufactures, i. 321.
Retrograde character of British policy
to the Revolution, ii. 50, 52.
Revenue, public, of Russia, ii. 161; of the
and British theories, i. 469.
United States, ii. 224.

Revenue system of India, i. 342, iii. 182; | Rome. Splendor and pauperism of, i.

of Athens, iii. 178; of Rome, iii. 179;
of Holland, iii. 180; of Turkey and
Sicily, iii. 181; of Great Britain, iii.
183; of the United States, iii. 191; of
Denmark and Northern Germany, iii.
194; of Russia, iii. 195.
Ricardo, Mr. His theory of Rent, i. 104,
iii. 134. His contradiction of himself,
i. 105. Its apparent simplicity, but real
complication, i. 106. Based on the as-
sumption of an imaginary fact, i. 106,
iii. 136. Being true, man must become
nature's slave, i. 231, iii. 137. Not in
harmony with the facts, i. 142, iii. 141.
His several propositions examined, iii.
136-154. Growing discord a natural
result of, iii. 151. His book the true
manual of the demagogue, iii. 154. His
error in regard to the fact upon which
his theory is based, admitted by his
disciples, iii. 160. M. Baudrillart on
his theory, iii. 163. Insecurity of
property resulting from admission of
its truth, iii. 169.

His theory of the occupation
of the earth, i. 104. Brings with it
increasing dispersion and weakness-
the real law being that of growing
concentration and augmented power, i.

138.

i. 162.

On the cause of value in land,
On the poor-laws, iii. 436.
and Malthus, the first economists
to adopt the mathematical method, i.
33.

Ricardo-Malthusian doctrine owes its
origin to the rejection of the advice of
Adam Smith, i. 196. An effort to ac-
count for human errors by means of
imaginary natural laws, i. 468.
Rich soils, last to be cultivated, aban-
doned as population diminishes, i.
139. Abandonment of, in Asia and
Africa, i. 142; in Turkey, Italy, and
France, i. 143; in America, i. 144. How
the cultivation of, affects production,
iii. 38. Great extent of, yet unoccu-
pied, iii. 332.

Rickards, R., on the financial policy of
India, i. 340.

G. K., on population, iii. 362.
Rights and duties, division of, in Athens,
i. 241.

of property, respect for, in Ger-
many, ii. 145.
Rivers never constitute the dividing lines
of animals, or nations, i. 138.
Robbery and murder deified in the early
periods of society, i. 216.
Roman empire, causes of the decline of
the civil and municipal corporations
of the, iii. 418.

patrician families, rapid extinc-
tion of the, iii. 307.

247. Consolidation of the land of, and
trading operations in, i. 247. Civiliza-
tion of, i. 248. Taxation of, iii. 179.
Of woman in, iii. 371.
Roots and branches of the tree of science,
i. 21; of the tree of commerce, i. 224.
Roscher, M., on the Ricardo theory of
Rent, iii. 162.

Rossi, M. His definition of wealth, i. 193.
Rejects the doctrine of laisser faire,
iii. 427.

Rubbish plants mark the track of man,

i. 84.

Rude character of English commerce in
the 14th century, i. 394.
Rural population of England, emigration
of the, i. 440. Condition of the, i. 441.
Movement of the, in the United States,
ii. 240.

Russia. Course of settlement in, i. 130.
Commerce of, in its purely agricultural
state, ii. 147. Operation of the Conti-
nental system, and free trade, in, ii.
148. Mordvinoff on the policy of, ii.
148. Adoption of the policy of Col-
bert by, ii. 149. Growth of manufac-
tures in, ii. 149, 153. Agricultural
progress of, ii. 150, 162. Prices of
rude products in, ii. 151. Small export
of food by, ii. 152. Baron Haxthausen
on, ii. 153. Local combination in, ii. 155.
Tegoborski on the productive forces
of, ii. 156. Greeley on the manufac-
tures of, ii. 155. Waste of human
power in, ii. 156. Wages in, ii. 157.
Improved condition of the agricultural
labor of, ii. 158. Conditions necessary
to freedom in, ii. 159. Increase of
the commerce of, ii. 160. Commu-
nism of, ii. 163. Division of land in,
ii. 164. Irregularity of prices in, ii.
165. Growing self-dependence of, ii.
166. Cobden on, ii. 167. Westminster
Review on the waste of labor in, ii.
173. Revenue system of, iii. 195.
Russian farmer, dependent condition of
the, i. 268.

-S.

Salt tax of India, the, i. 344.
Same words used by economists to ex-
press widely different ideas, i. 262.
Savage, the, an irresponsible being, i. 58.
Saving, not the cause of growth of capi-

tal, iii. 60. Waste greatest, where it
is most practised, iii. 61. Errors of
economists in regard to, iii. 69.
Saving-funds for labor, produced by divi-
sion of the land, iii. 102.

Say, J. B., on the cause of value in land,
i. 163. His definition of wealth, i. 194.
On the prospects of the working-
classes, iii. 421. Rejects the idea of

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