Positive checks to population, apparent] necessity for, a consequence of growing centralization of trading-power, iii. 464. Post Office, the. How it illustrates the difference between trade and commerce, i. 211. Potential energy awaiting the command of man, iii. 107. Becomes developed, as man and matter become individual- ized, iii. 107.
Poverty and rapacity of Sparta, i. 245. and depopulation of Turkey, i.
of the French people, i. 255; of early colonists, i. 263; of the sove- reigns of France, ii. 43; of France, under Louis XV., ii. 48.
Power for evil, in both the physical and social worlds, exists in the direct ratio of the power for good, i. 369.
of association grows with increase of numbers, i. 99. Exists in the direct ratio of the development of individual- ity, i. 257. Grows in all the countries that follow in the lead of Colbert, ii. 175. Declines in all those that adopt the theories of the English school, i. 367. How it affects production, iii. 19; accumulation, iii. 58; circulation, iii. 77; distribution, iii. 119; taxation, iii. 199; the demand for food, iii. 319.
of combination, the distinguish- ing characteristic of civilization, i. 266. How affected by supplies of the precious metals, ii. 297.
of consumption. How affected by measures of protection, ii. 276.
of nature. How it exhibits itself to the savage and the man of science, ii. 353.
of progress, one of the distinctive characteristics of man, i. 60.
of the State grows with growing concentration, iii. 232.
placed at the command of the people of the United States, ii. 208; waste of the, ii. 210.
to command increased supplies of food and clothing accompanied by di- minished necessity for either, iii. 318.
to maintain commerce increases with increase in the value of man, ii. 32, iii. 452.
Powers of man, and his necessities, al- ways in the inverse ratio of each other -the two combined making a constant quantity, i. 208.
of nature become embodied in the
man, i. 264. Precious metals, the. Recommendations of, as standards of value, ii. 295. How their value is affected by the process of coinage, ii. 296. How human labor is economised by their use, ii. 298.
How they affect the societary move- ment, ii. 299. To the social body what atmospheric air is to the physical one, ii. 300. How the supply of, af- fects wages and interest, ii. 309. Tend always towards those places at which they are most utilized, ii. 309. How their use tends to promote the freedom of man, ii. 309. Tendency of, towards Great Britain, ii. 310. Present move- ment of, ii. 311. Tendency of, towards those countries in which raw products tend most to rise in price, ii. 312; from those in which the price of such pro- duce declines, ii. 313. Phenomena of the movement of, ii. 315. Their ex- traordinary power over the condition of men, ii. 320. Equalizing tendency of increase in the supply of, ii. 319, 345. How they may be attracted, ii. 325. The commodities that render the largest amount of service in proportion to their cost, ii. 325. How increase in the supply of, tends to augment the supply of food, ii. 329. Cannot be- come superabundant, ii. 330. Tend to leave those countries that do not use circulating notes, ii. 333. Supply of, in Great Britain and the United States, ii. 340. How the societary movement of France is affected by, ii. 341. Value of, declines, as their utility increases, ii. 345. Tend towards those countries which follow in the lead of Colbert, ii. 351. Constitute the great instruments of association, ii. 355. Universal ae- ceptability of, ii. 357. Tendency of, towards steadiness of value, ii. 360. Movement of, in the United States, ii. 436, 480. Hume on the supply of, and its effects, ii. 446. Errors of Adam Smith in regard to, ii. 453. Turkey, the country whose policy is most in accordance with the advice of British economists in reference to, ii. 464. Mr. J. S. Mill on the services rendered by, ii. 467. M. Bastiat on, ii. 471. M. Chevalier on, ii. 478.
Predominance of the animal faculties of man, iii. 298.
Price, definition of, ii. 301. Phenomena of, ii. 267. Hume on, ii. 326. Prices. Approximation in those of rude products and finished commodities, the essential test of civilization, i. 464; comes with growing civilization, ii. 301, iii. 43, 59, 187, 236, 369, 436. How that approximation affects production, iii. 42; accumulation, iii. 59; circulation, iii. 93; distribution, iii. 116.
how affected by measures of pro- tection, ii. 274, 275.
-, how affected by supplies of the precious metals, ii. 315.
Prices, comparative, of Russia and France,
how affected by excess or defi- ciency of supply, ii. 192.
of finished commodities tend to fall, as agriculture becomes a science, ii. 267; contrary tendency, as agricul- ture declines, ii. 267.
of rude products, decline of, in the United States, ii. 189, 197, 273.
of Russian products, how they are affected by distance from market, ii. 173.
of agricultural products, how they are affected by the supply of the pre- cious metals, ii. 329. Recession from each other of the prices of such pro- ducts, and those of finished commodi- ties, in the United States, ii. 205, 228. -, phenomena of, observed France, ii. 307. Principle, first, of the trader, i. 210. Principles, truths that are prior to all facts, iii. 354.
of Social and Physical Science, iii. 466. Privileges of foreign merchants in Eng- land, in the 14th century, i. 394. Problem, the, of Social Science, i. 34. Procreation. Limited power of, among the hunter tribes, iii. 299. General laws of, iii. 302. The corrective of excessive, iii. 302. Comparative phy- siology of, iii. 302. How affected by the various mental and moral develop- ments, iii. 303. Ratio of, governed by societary conditions, iii. 305. Pros- pective changes in the ratio of, iii. 305. How influenced by devotion to trade, polities, and science, iii. 308. Procreative tendency, the. Being ad- mitted to be a positive quantity, slavery becomes the necessarily ultimate con- dition of the mass of the human race, iii. 265. Not a positive quantity, iii. 267. Adaptability of, to the socie- tary condition, iii. 271, 286. Is sub- ject to no determinate rule of action, iii. 272.
Produce of French agriculture, prior to the Revolution, ii. 52. Great increase thereof, in the period that has since elapsed, ii. 54.
Producer and consumer. Come together as employments become diversified, i. 83. Approximation of the, the condi- tion of progress, i. 221. Desires of both, directly opposed to those of the trader, i. 212, ii. 221, iii. 23. Waste resulting from separation of the, ii. 213. Production increases, as the two are brought together, iii. 21. Power of accumulation in the ratio of the ap- proximation of the, iii. 49. Circulation
becomes more rapid as the distance is decreased, iii. 93. How their approxi- mation affects the value of land and labor, iii. 43, 59, 93, 116, 187, 215, 236. How it influences the condition of woman, iii. 369.
Production, cost of, not a measure of value, i. 156.
and consumption of India, i. 349 increases, as the necessity for the machinery of exchange diminishes, i. 189. Tendency of the British system to increase the necessity for the use of that machinery, and thus diminish, i. 286, 365.
-, of, iii. 17. Where does it end, and where does consumption begin? iii. 18. Every act of the one, an act of the other-the two being, therefore, measures of each other, iii. 18. Con- sists in reducing the forces of nature to the service of man, iii. 18. Grows in the ratio of the development of human powers, iii. 19. Man, the ulti- mate object of all, iii. 21. Grows with the growth of demand, iii. 21. creases, as the trader's power declines, iii. 23. The less the friction between the consumer and the producer, the greater the, iii. 24. Increases, as men are more and more enabled to combine together, iii. 26. Growth and decline of, in Athens, iii. 26; in Italy, and the Netherlands, iii. 27; in France, iii. 28; of England, at various periods, iii. 31; of Scotland, iii. 37. Increase of, that follows the extension of cultivation over richer soils, iii. 38. Phenomena of, exhibited in the United States, iii. 41; in Spain, iii. 41. Diminishes as the market becomes more distant, iii. 42. The more numerous the societary differences, the larger the, iii. 43. In- creases, as the prices of rude products and finished commodities approximate to each other, iii. 42. Civilization grows, as consumption follows more rapidly on, iii. 43. Increases, as matter tends more and more to assume its highest forms, iii. 43. Grows, as the societary circulation becomes more rapid, iii. 44. Errors of modern economists in regard to, iii. 43. Increases, as the absolutely- necessary wants of man diminish, iii. 318.
of sperm-cells regulated by men- tal activity, iii. 303. Productive and unproductive employ- ments, of, i. 193. Mr. J. S. Mill on,
Profit, high rate of, in purely agricultu- ral countries, i. 158, iii. 116. Rate of, declines, as the societary circulation becomes more rapid, iii. 119. Capital
accumulates most rapidly where the rate is low, iii. 119. Reverse of this held by Mr. McCulloch, iii. 122. Progress, power of, one of the distinctive characteristics of man, i. 60. Heat, motion, and force, essential to, in both the physical and social world, i. 60. Rate of, dependent on the rapidity with which consumption follows pro- duction, i. 61. The more instant the demand for human powers, the greater the tendency towards acceleration in the rate of, ii. 297.
Prohibition of manufactures in the Brit- ish West Indies, i. 295; in the North American Colonies, i. 286. Property, insecurity of, in the early stages of society, i. 234.
Proportion of labor's products assigned to the laborer increases, as that of the capitalist diminishes, i. 157, iii. 112, 210.
borne by machinery of exchange to production, diminishes as men are more enabled to associate, i. 189. Proportions, law of definite, equally ap- plicable in Physical and Social Science, i. 199. As exhibited in the societary distribution, i. 234, 263, 416, 460, ii. 20, 22, 39. As applied to profits, interest, freights, or rents, iii. 116.
of labor wasted and economised, in the various stages of society, ii. 20. of trade and transportation, in- crease in, in the United States, ii. 218.
of money to commerce, ii. 358. of the land-owners and the labor- ers, according to the Ricardo theory, iii. 135. That theory compared with the facts observed, iii. 150.-(See Rent of land.)
Pro-slavery tendencies of the United States, ii. 252.
Prospect of life increases, with the de- velopment of individuality, i. 259. Prospective changes in the ratio of pro- creation, iii. 305.
Prosperity comes with diversity in the demand for human efforts, iii. 341. Prostitution. The necessary consequence of a system based upon the idea of cheap labor, iii. 380. Of, in London, iii. 381. Of, in America, iii. 385. Dr. Sanger on, iii. 385. Protection, of. Reasons for its adoption by Portugal, i. 308. Measures of, adopted in France, under the adminis- tration of Colbert, ii. 46. Their effect, in giving value to land and labor, ii. 47. Policy of, maintained by Turgot, ii. 49. Repudiated by the negotiators of the Eden treaty, ii. 49. Re-esta- blished by the Revolutionary govern- ment, and strengthened by Napoleon, ii. 50. Effect of, as exhibited in the
progress of agriculture, ii. 51. Simul- taneous adoption of, by the principal nations of Europe and America, ii. 111. In Prussia, ii. 128. In Russia, ii. 149. In Denmark, ii. 112. In Sweden, ii. 167. Operation of. in the United States, ii. 225. How the laborer is affected by, ii. 277. How it cheapens finished com- modities, while raising the prices of rude products, ii. 274, 275. How it affects commerce, ii. 277. How it in- fluences the movements of the precious metals, ii. 351. How it affects the cur- rency of the United States, ii. 437. How it has influenced the societary movement of the United States, ii. 438. How it promotes the growth of capital, iii. 67. The necessary preparation for the substitution of direct for indirect taxation, iii. 207. How it promotes competition for the purchase of labor, iii. 246. How it influences the supply of food in the United States, iii. 322. How it affects the demand for female labor, iii. 383. How regarded by Col- bert, iii. 424; by Hume and Smith, iii. 425; by J. B. Say, iii. 426; by M. Blan- qui, iii. 427; by M. De Jonnès, iii. 428; by Mr. J. S. Mill, iii. 428; by M. Che- valier, iii. 429. Why is it needed? iii. 441. Its object, that of establishing perfect freedom of commerce through- out the world, iii. 453. Protective policy of Spain, ii. 119.
of England, origin and extension of the, i. 394, 398, 404. Proximity of the market, indispensable to the growth of agriculture, ii. 29. Prudence and foresight, recommended by writers who commence by expelling from the minds of their readers all feeling of hope, iii. 362.
Prussia, rapid advance of, in wealth and power, i. 49. Concentration, as exhib- ited in, iii. 226. Division of the land of, and its effects, iii. 84.-(See Germany.) Prussian tariff of 1818, protective features of the, ii. 128.
Psychology follows Social Science, in the order of development, i. 22. Public lands of the United States, sales of the, ii. 230.
revenue of Turkey, diminution in the, i. 312.
revenue of the United States, movement of the, ii. 222.
Quarterly Review, on English agriculture, ii. 33. On the condition of the juve- nile population of England, iii. 394. Question to be settled, that of progress. and not that of existing condition, ii. 73.
Questions asked by Mathematics and by
Science, wide difference of the, iii. 469. Quijano, M., on the cause of value, i. 174.
Railroad corporations, growth of the power of, to control legislation, iii. 444.
systems of India and Ireland, tendencies of the, i. 368. Rank of the animal, fecundity graduated inversely to the, iii. 302. Rate, high, of profit in agricultural coun- tries, iii. 116. Accompanied by small- ness of amount, iii. 116.
Ratio of procreation governed by socie- tary conditions, iii. 305. Raudot, M., on the decline of France, ii. 62.
Raw material, definition of, ii. 303.
materials, prices of, tend to rise with the progress of civilization, i. 427, ii. 302. Their tendency to fall, in all the countries subject to the British system, /i. 429. Approximation in the prices of, towards those of finished commodi- ties, one of the most conclusive proofs of human progress, i. 464, ii. 301, iii. 43, 59, 93, 116, 369. Tend toward those places at which they are most utilized, ii. 308.
Real freedom of trade consists in the ex-
ercise of the power to maintain direct commerce with the outer world. Its establishment, the object of measures of protection, iii. 453.
Recklessness in the United States, ii. 248. Reform Act of Great Britain, failure of the, i. 451.
Reformers, general error of, iii. 470. How they might profit by the study of Social Science, iii. 470.
Relations of the sexes, iii. 368.
of woman in the early periods of so- ciety, iii. 368. Becomes more free, as man advances in wealth and power, iii. 368.
of the family, how affected by di- vision of the land, iii. 387. Rent of land, high proportion claimed as, in purely agricultural communities, i. 158. Diminution in the proportion of, an evidence of progress, i. 169. In- creases in amount, as it declines in its proportion to the product, i. 176, iii. 133. Obedient to the general law of distribution, iii. 131. Changes in, con- sequent upon the growth of power to cultivate richer soils, iii. 133. Decline in its proportions, as labor becomes more productive, iii. 133. Examina- tion of Mr. Ricardo's theory of, iii. 136– 154. Error of Adam Smith in refe- rence to, iii. 144. Diminution of its
proportions admitted by Mr. Malthus, iii. 144. Changes in the, in England, since the time of Arthur Young, iii. 146.
Diminution in the proportions of, in France, iii. 147. Mr. Ricardo's theory of, inconsistent with all the facts observed, iii. 154. Phenomena of Greece and Italy, in regard to, iii. 155. Proportions of, increase, as land be- comes more and more consolidated, iii. 156.
Reproduction, cost of, the limit of value, Rents of Ireland, i. 323. i. 149. Determines the value of all Reproductive function predominates in commodities, ii. 335, iii. 111, 133. woman, iii. 298. adjusted to varying con- ditions of the human race, by organic laws, iii. 296.
and intellectual and moral powers, mature cotemporaneously, iii. Repulsive character of the British trading 300. system, iii. 347. of the modern political
Resistance to the system of trading cen- economy, i. 196. tralization, how to be effected, ii. 101, iii. 453. Responsibility, one of the distinguishing characteristics of man, i. 57. Absence of, in the early stages of society, i. 58. Becomes developed with the growth of individuality, i. 58. How it exhibits itself in Germany and the United States, i. 59. Individuality, association, and, develop themselves together, i. 60. Grows with the growth of wealth, i. 197; with division of the land, iii. 275. How it affects the growth of population, iii. 276. Grows with in- crease in the gifts of God to man, iii. 364. Malthusian theory transfers the burthen of, from the rich and strong, to the poor and weak, iii. 365. parent and child, iii. 387. How that Of of parents is manifested in Central and Northern Europe, iii. 388. England, and in the countries that fol- How, in low in her lead, iii. 391; in the United States, iii. 397. Becomes developed in the ratio of the approximation of the prices of rude products and finished commodities, iii. 400. Of the states- Restraints upon Irish commerce and man, iii. 471. Restrictions on French commerce, prior manufactures, i. 321. Retrograde character of British policy to the Revolution, ii. 50, 52. Revenue, public, of Russia, ii. 161; of the and British theories, i. 469. United States, ii. 224.
Revenue system of India, i. 342, iii. 182; | Rome. Splendor and pauperism of, i.
of Athens, iii. 178; of Rome, iii. 179; of Holland, iii. 180; of Turkey and Sicily, iii. 181; of Great Britain, iii. 183; of the United States, iii. 191; of Denmark and Northern Germany, iii. 194; of Russia, iii. 195. Ricardo, Mr. His theory of Rent, i. 104, iii. 134. His contradiction of himself, i. 105. Its apparent simplicity, but real complication, i. 106. Based on the as- sumption of an imaginary fact, i. 106, iii. 136. Being true, man must become nature's slave, i. 231, iii. 137. Not in harmony with the facts, i. 142, iii. 141. His several propositions examined, iii. 136-154. Growing discord a natural result of, iii. 151. His book the true manual of the demagogue, iii. 154. His error in regard to the fact upon which his theory is based, admitted by his disciples, iii. 160. M. Baudrillart on his theory, iii. 163. Insecurity of property resulting from admission of its truth, iii. 169.
His theory of the occupation of the earth, i. 104. Brings with it increasing dispersion and weakness- the real law being that of growing concentration and augmented power, i.
On the cause of value in land, On the poor-laws, iii. 436. and Malthus, the first economists to adopt the mathematical method, i. 33.
Ricardo-Malthusian doctrine owes its origin to the rejection of the advice of Adam Smith, i. 196. An effort to ac- count for human errors by means of imaginary natural laws, i. 468. Rich soils, last to be cultivated, aban- doned as population diminishes, i. 139. Abandonment of, in Asia and Africa, i. 142; in Turkey, Italy, and France, i. 143; in America, i. 144. How the cultivation of, affects production, iii. 38. Great extent of, yet unoccu- pied, iii. 332.
Rickards, R., on the financial policy of India, i. 340.
G. K., on population, iii. 362. Rights and duties, division of, in Athens, i. 241.
of property, respect for, in Ger- many, ii. 145. Rivers never constitute the dividing lines of animals, or nations, i. 138. Robbery and murder deified in the early periods of society, i. 216. Roman empire, causes of the decline of the civil and municipal corporations of the, iii. 418.
patrician families, rapid extinc- tion of the, iii. 307.
247. Consolidation of the land of, and trading operations in, i. 247. Civiliza- tion of, i. 248. Taxation of, iii. 179. Of woman in, iii. 371. Roots and branches of the tree of science, i. 21; of the tree of commerce, i. 224. Roscher, M., on the Ricardo theory of Rent, iii. 162.
Rossi, M. His definition of wealth, i. 193. Rejects the doctrine of laisser faire, iii. 427.
Rubbish plants mark the track of man,
Rude character of English commerce in the 14th century, i. 394. Rural population of England, emigration of the, i. 440. Condition of the, i. 441. Movement of the, in the United States, ii. 240.
Russia. Course of settlement in, i. 130. Commerce of, in its purely agricultural state, ii. 147. Operation of the Conti- nental system, and free trade, in, ii. 148. Mordvinoff on the policy of, ii. 148. Adoption of the policy of Col- bert by, ii. 149. Growth of manufac- tures in, ii. 149, 153. Agricultural progress of, ii. 150, 162. Prices of rude products in, ii. 151. Small export of food by, ii. 152. Baron Haxthausen on, ii. 153. Local combination in, ii. 155. Tegoborski on the productive forces of, ii. 156. Greeley on the manufac- tures of, ii. 155. Waste of human power in, ii. 156. Wages in, ii. 157. Improved condition of the agricultural labor of, ii. 158. Conditions necessary to freedom in, ii. 159. Increase of the commerce of, ii. 160. Commu- nism of, ii. 163. Division of land in, ii. 164. Irregularity of prices in, ii. 165. Growing self-dependence of, ii. 166. Cobden on, ii. 167. Westminster Review on the waste of labor in, ii. 173. Revenue system of, iii. 195. Russian farmer, dependent condition of the, i. 268.
Salt tax of India, the, i. 344. Same words used by economists to ex- press widely different ideas, i. 262. Savage, the, an irresponsible being, i. 58. Saving, not the cause of growth of capi-
tal, iii. 60. Waste greatest, where it is most practised, iii. 61. Errors of economists in regard to, iii. 69. Saving-funds for labor, produced by divi- sion of the land, iii. 102.
Say, J. B., on the cause of value in land, i. 163. His definition of wealth, i. 194. On the prospects of the working- classes, iii. 421. Rejects the idea of
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