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representation of Death's head, above the device, is the enumeration of Salmon's confinement: "Close prisoner 8 moneths, 32 wekes, 224 dayes, 5376 houres."

On the ground-floor are "Walter Parlew," dated "1569" and "1570"; an anchor, and "Extrema Christus." Near these is "Robart Dudley." This nobleman was the third son of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, who was beheaded on Tower Hill in 1553, for high treason. At his death, his sons were still left in confinement, and Robert was, in 1554, arraigned at Guildhall, on the plea of high treason, and condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. He lay under this sentence till the following year, when he and his brothers, Ambrose and Henry, were liberated by command of Queen Mary, and afterwards rose into high favour at the Courts of Mary and Elizabeth.* On the ground-floor also is:

The man whom this house can not mend,
Hath evill becom, and worse will end.

"Round this (Beauchamp) chamber (says Mr. Hepworth Dixon), a secret passage has been discovered in the masonry, in which spies were, no doubt, set to listen, and report the conversation or soliloquies of prisoners, when they, poor souls, believed themselves alone." The men who live in the Tower have named this passage the Whispering Gallery.

The Beauchamp Tower was used as a prison for male offenders only. Some years since, a door of ancient oak, knotted with iron, was seen below the plaster this door opened to a sort of terrace lead

* See Inscriptions and Devices in the Beauchamp Tower, by W. R. Dick. 1853.

ing to the Bell Tower, containing the alarm-bell of the garrison: here were confined Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and subsequently the Princess Elizabeth and other illustrious captives; in this roof-promenade they took the air. The walls bear some memorials, among which is " Respice finem, W. D."

One of Sir Walter Raleigh's prison-lodgings is thought to have been the second and third stories of the Beauchamp Tower; here he devoted much time to chemistry and pharmaceutical preparations. "He has converted," says Sir William Wade, Lieutenant of the Tower, "a little hen-house in the garden into a still-house, and here he doth spend his time all the day in distillations; he doth show himself upon the wall in his garden to the view of the people: " here Raleigh prepared his "Rare Cordial," which, with other ingredients added by Sir Kenelm Digby and Sir A. Fraser, is the Confectio Aromatica of the present London Pharmacopoeia.

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TRAITORS' GATE, IN THE TOWER.

ONE of the most picturesque relics of this ancient prison-house is the Traitors' Gate-the water entrance to the Tower-and through which so many captives passed never to return. Here the Princess Elizabeth sat on the steps in the midst of rain and storm, declaring that she was no traitor. Scores of pages of history and events affording materials for both the poet and the painter come into the memory at the mention of the name of this gloomy portal.

Mr. Ferrey, the architect, remarks: "Few persons

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can be aware of the solemn grandeur which this watergate must have presented in bygone times, when its architectural features were unmutilated. Gateways and barbicans to castles are usually bold and striking in their design; but a water-gate of this kind, in its perfect state, must have been quite unique." The internal features, however, now, can scarcely be discerned. The general plan of the structure consists of an oblong block, each corner having an attached round turret of large dimensions. The south archway, which formed the water approach from the Thames, guarded by a portcullis, is now effectually closed by a wharf occupying the entire length of the Tower. "The water," he continues, "originally flowed through the base of the gate-house, and extended probably beyond the north side of it to the Traitors' Steps, as they were called. Here the superincumbent mass of the gateway is supported by an archway of extraordinary boldness, such as is not to be found in any other gateway, and is a piece of masterly construction. A staircase in the north-west turret conducts to the galleries, or wall passages, formed on a level with the tops of the archway. A stranger, on looking at the Traitors' Gate as it is now encumbered, could possibly form an idea of its ancient dignity. The whole of the upper part is crammed with offices, and disfigured in every possible manner; and the gloom of the Traitors' Gate is now broken up by the blatant noise of steammachinery for hoisting and packing war-weapons." The vibration of the machinery has already so shaken the south-eastern turret, that it is now shored up in order to prevent its falling.

Mr. Ferrey adds, that the enormous size of the

north archway must have been for the admission of several barges or vessels to pass within the present boundary of the gateway walls, when the outer portcullis was closed; whilst that the Thames once penetrated further to the north. By this entrance

Went Sidney, Russell, Raleigh, Cranmer, More.

THE BLOODY TOWER.

ADJOINING the Wakefield, or Record Tower, is the structure with the above terrific name. Here, in a dark windowless room, in which one of the portcullises was worked, George Duke of Clarence is said to have been drowned in malmsey; in the adjoining chamber, the two princes are said to have been "smothered ;" whence the name of Bloody Tower. This has been much disputed; but in a tract temp. James I. we read that the above "turret our elders termed the Bloody Tower; for the bloodshed, as they say, of those infant princes of Edward IV., whom Richard III., of cursed memory (I shudder to mention it), savagely killed, two together at one time." In the latter chamber was imprisoned Colonel Hutchinson, whose wife, daughter of Sir Allen Apsley, Lieutenant of the Tower, where she was born, relates the above traditions. This portion was formerly called the Garden Tower; it was built temp. Edward III., and is the only ancient place of security, as a state prison in the Tower: it is entered through a small door in the inner ballium; it consists of a day-room and a bed-room, and the leads on which the prisoner was sometimes allowed to breathe the air. The last person who occupied these apartments

was Arthur Thistlewood, the Cato Street conspirator. Westward are the Lieutenant's Lodgings (the Lieutenant's residence), chiefly timber-built, temp. Henry VIII.; in 1610 was added a chamber having a prospect to all the three gates of the Tower, and enabling the lieutenant to call and look to the warders. In the Council Chamber the Commissioners examined Guy Fawkes and his accomplices, as commemorated in a Latin and Hebrew inscription upon a parti-coloured marble monument; and elsewhere in the building there was discovered, about 1845, "an inscription carved on an old mantelpiece relating to the Countess of Lenox, grandmother of James I., 'commytede prysner to thys Logynge for the Marige of her Sonne my Lord Henry Darnle and the Queen of Scotlande."" Here a bust of James I. was set up, in 1608, by Sir William Wade, then Lieutenant; the walls are painted with representations of men inflicting and suffering torture; and the room is reputed to be haunted! The last person confined in the lodgings here was Sir Francis Burdett, committed April 6, 1810, for writing in Cobbett's Weekly Register.

The Bloody Tower gateway, built temp. Edward III. (opposite Traitors' Gate), is the main entrance to the Inner Ward: it has massive gates and portcullis, complete, at the southern end; but those at the north end have been removed. We read, in Weale's London, p. 160, that "the gates are genuine, and the portcullis is said to be the only one remaining in England fit for use. The archway forms a noble specimen of the Doric order of Gothic. For a prison-entrance we know of no more perfect model."

It is worthy of remark that only the grim features

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