Section 2.-The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Pro- duct by corresponding proportional Parts of the Product itself, Section 2.-The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard, Section 3.-Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation, 268 Section 5.-The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the Section 6.-The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864, 304 Section 7.-The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Re-action of the Eng- CHAPTER XII.-The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value, CHAPTER XIV.-Division of Labour and Manufacture, Section 1.-Twofold Origin of Manufacture, Section 2.-The Value transferred by Machinery to the Product, Section 3.-The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman, a. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital. Section 7.-Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Section 5.-The Strife between Workman and Machinery, Section 6.-The Theory of Compensation as regards the Werkpeople displaced Section 8.-Revolutior effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic a. Overthrow of Co-Operation based on Handicraft and on Divi- b. Re-action of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domes- e. Passage of Modern Manufacture and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of this Revo- lution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those In- Section 9.-The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE. CHAPTER XVI.-Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value, CHAPTER XVII.-Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in CHAPTER XXIV.-Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital, Section 1.-Capitalist Production on a progressively increasing Scale. Transi- tion of the Laws of Property that characterise Production of Com- modities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation, Section 2.-Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on Section 3.-Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Ab- Section 4.-Circumstances that, independently of the proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue, determine the Amount of Ac- cumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount between Capital employed and Capital consumed. Magnitude of Capital advanced, CHAPTER XXV.-The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation, Section 1.-The increased Demand for Labour-Power that accompanies Accumu- lation, the Composition of Capital remaining the same, Section 2.-Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that ac- Section 4.-Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation, Section 5.-Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation, CHAPTER XXVI.-The Secret of Primitive Accumulation, CHAPTER XXVII.-Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land, 788 CHAPTER XXVIII.-Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament, . 805 CHAPTER XXIX.-Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer, CHAPTER XXX.-Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Crea- CHAPTER XXXI.-Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist, CHAPTER XXXII. Historical Tendency of Capitalistic Accumulation, CHAPTER XXXIII.-The Modern Theory of Colonization, EDITOR'S NOTE TO THE FIRST AMERICAN EDITION. The original plan of Marx, as outlined in his preface to the first German edition of Capital, in 1867, was to divide his work into three volumes. Volume I was to contain Book I, The Process of Capitalist Production. Volume II was scheduled to comprise both Book II, The Process of Capitalist Circulation, and Book III, The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. The work was to close with volume III, containing Book IV, A History of Theories of SurplusValue. When Marx proceeded to elaborate his work for publication, he had the essential portions of all three volumes, with a few exceptions, worked out in their main analyses and conclusions, but in a very loose and unfinished form. Owing to ill health, he completed only volume I. He died on March 14, 1883, just when a third German edition of this volume was being prepared for the printer. Frederick Engels, the intimate friend and co-operator of Marx, stepped into the place of his dead comrade and proceeded to complete the work. In the course of the elaboration of volume II it was found that it would be wholly taken up with Book II, The Process of Capitalist Circulation. Its first German edition did not appear until May, 1885, almost 18 years after the first volume. The publication of the third volume was delayed still longer. When the second German edition of volume II appeared, in July, 1893, Engels was still working on volume III. It was not until October, 1894, that the first German edition of volume III was published, in two separate parts, containing the subject matter of what had been originally planned as Book III of volume II, and treating of The Capitalist Process of Production as a whole. The reasons for the delay in the publication of volumes II and III, and the difficulties encountered in solving the problem of elaborating the copious notes of Marx into a finished and connected presentation of his theories, have been fully explained by Engels in his various prefaces to these two volumes. His great modesty led him to belittle his own share in this fundamental work. As a matter of fact, a large portion of the contents of Capital is as much a creation of Engels as though he had written it independently of Marx. Engels intended to issue the contents of the manuscripts for Book IV, originally planned as volume III, in the form of a fourth volume of Capital. But on the 6th of August, 1895, less than one year after the publication of volume III, he followed his co-worker into the grave, still leaving this work incompleted. However, some years previous to his demise, and in anticipation of such an eventuality, he had appointed Karl Kautsky, the editor of Die Neue Zeit, the scientific organ of the German Socialist Party, as his successor and familiarized him personally with the subject matter intended for volume IV of this work. The material proved to be so voluminous, that Kautsky, instead of making a fourth volume of Capital out of it, abandoned the original plan and issued his elaboration as a separate work in three volumes under the title Theories of Surplus-value. The first English translation of the first volume of Capital was edited by Engels and published in 1886. Marx had in the meantime made some changes in the text of the second |