ward. Figs. 14 and 15 are different forms of Dentate margin.

A CREʼNATE margin has broad, rounded notches, like Fig. 16.

In REPAND' (WAVY) margins the edge curves outward and inward, as in Fig. 17.

Such deep notches as are seen in Fig. 18 form lobes.

Each of these different kinds of margin varies in many ways, and some of the variations are important

FIG. 19.

FIG. 20.

Coarsely Serrate.

Finely Serrate.

in description. For instance, serrate margins are sometimes COARSELY SERRATE (Fig. 19), FINELY SER

RATE (Fig. 20), DOUBLY SERRATE (Fig. 21), and UNEVENLY SERRATE (Fig. 22).

my

FIG. 21.

FIG. 22.

Doubly Serrate.

Unevenly Serrate.

Look out for the same kinds of variation among crenate margins. Fig. 23 shows you a FINELY CRE

NATE margin. Doubly cre

nate margins are very com

mon.

Dentate margins are coarse, fine, double, and also

uneven.

FIG. 23.

Finely Crenate.

You will sometimes find two kinds of margin on the same leaf. Part of the notches may be serrate and part dentate, and this forms a serrate-dentate margin. If some of the notches are crenate and some serrate, it will be crenate-serrate, and so on.

In answering the new question, Margin? which you will find in the next schedule, you must look closely for all these different forms, and get familiar with the terms by which they are described.

EXERCISE VII

Bases.

THE BASE of a leaf is its lower or attached end.

Bases are

COR'DATE (HEART-SHAPED).-Shaped like a heart,

at the base. Fig. 25.

FIG. 25.

FIG. 26.

FIG. 27.

REN'IFORM*(KIDNEY-SHAPED).-Shaped like a kid

ney. Broader than long. Fig. 26.

AURICULATE (EAR-SHAPED).—With small, rounded

lobes at the base. Fig. 27.

FIG. 28.

FIG. 29.

FIG. 30.

FIG. 31.

HAS'TATE (HALBERT - SHAPED).—With spreading lobes at the base. Fig. 28.

SAGITTATE (ARROW-SHAPED).—With sharp lobes at

the base pointing backward. Fig. 29.

* By some, this term is applied only to the whole leaf.

OBLIQUE.-With one side of the base larger and lower than the other. Fig. 30.

TAPERING.-Where the blade tapers off at the

base. Fig. 31.

FIG. 32.

FIG. 33.

FIG. 34

CLASPING.-Where the base folds around the stem of the plant. Fig. 32.

CONNATE.-Where the bases of two leaves grow together around the plant-stem, as in Fig. 33.

DECURRENT.-Where the lower part of the midrib grows to the plant-stem, as in Fig. 34.

NOTE.-Children will, of course, get leaves from the same plants, and describe them over and over again as they pass on from schedule to schedule. A few plants will obtrude themselves upon the attention, and each day the pupil will gather leaves from these alone. At first they will have very little enterprise in searching for new specimens, but will be content with whatever is easiest. These will serve perhaps as well as any to illustrate the new character brought out by the new schedule, but the repetition of old observations upon them will require but little effort of the attention. This repetition of observations upon the same varieties of leaves is proper and desirable, but not sufficient for our purpose. As the wealth of varied forms that plants present is to be our means of educating the observation, it is indispensable that our re