The Modern Distributive Process: Studies of Competition and Its Limits, of the Nature and Amount of Profits, and of the Determination of Wages, in the Industrial Society of To-dayGinn, 1888 - 69 стор. |
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ability abnormally profitable actual Adam Smith afford Anthracite coal attempt Bagehot become Bradstreet's capital and labor capitalist Clark combination commodities compete competitors cost of production create demand economic equilibrium economists effective efficiency effort element employer employment entrepreneur existence fact forces function gain increasing industrial depression industrial field John Stuart Mill labor and capital limited manager manufacturing market competition Mill modern nail natural rate nomic non-competing groups normal occupation permanent Philosophy of Wealth political economy possible practical principle Professor Cairnes pure profit R. H. Hutton railroads rate of wages Reading company restrict result returns rewards Ricardian Ricardo salaries social steel rails strata struggle sub-groups sub-products supply suppressed surviving tendency tends theory tion tition trade Trades unions transfer of labor transportation true underselling unequal union utilities value theory Walter Bagehot Wealth of Nations workmen
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Сторінка 56 - The natural price of labour is that price which is necessary to enable the labourers, one with another, to subsist and to perpetuate their race, without either increase or diminution.
Сторінка 56 - It is not to be understood that the natural price of labour, estimated even in food and necessaries, is absolutely fixed and constant. It varies at different times in the same country, and very materially differs in different countries.
Сторінка 5 - No doubt the various ranks and classes fade into each other by imperceptible gradations, and individuals from all classes are constantly passing up or dropping down; but while this is so, it is nevertheless true that the average workman, from whatever rank he be taken, finds his power of competition limited for practical purposes to a certain range of occupations, so that, however high the rate of remuneration in those which lie beyond may rise, he is excluded from sharing them.
Сторінка 11 - Combinations have their roots in the nature of social industry and are normal in their origin, their development and their practical working. They are neither to be deprecated by scientists nor suppressed by legislators. They are the result of an evolution, and are the happy outcome of a competition so abnormal that the continuance of it would have meant widespread ruin.
Сторінка 4 - What we find, in effect, is, not a whole population competing indiscriminately for all occupations, but a series of industrial layers, superposed on one another, within each of which the various candidates for employment possess a real and effective power of selection, while those occupying the several strata are, for all purposes of effective competition, practically isolated from each other.
Сторінка i - The Modern Distributive Process. Studies of Competition and its Limits, of the Nature and Amount of Profits, and of the Determination of Wages in the Industrial Society of to-day.
Сторінка 5 - Secondly, there would be the artisan group, comprising skilled laborers of the secondary order — carpenters, joiners, smiths, masons, shoe-makers, tailors, hatters, etc., etc., with whom might be included the very large class of small retail dealers, whose means and position place them within the reach of the same industrial opportunities as the class of artisans. The third layer would contain producers and dealers of a higher order, whose work would demand qualifications only obtainable by persons...
Сторінка 58 - A plentiful subsistence increases the bodily strength of the labourer, and the comfortable hope of bettering his condition, and of ending his days perhaps in ease and plenty, animates him to exert that strength to the utmost.
Сторінка 5 - First, at the bottom of the scale there would be the large groups of unskilled or nearly unskilled laborers, comprising agricultural laborers, laborers engaged in miscellaneous occupations in towns, or acting in attendance on skilled labor. Secondly, there would be the artisan group, comprising skilled laborers of the secondary order — carpenters, joiners, smiths, masons, shoe-makers, tailors, hatters, etc., etc., with whom might be included the very large class of small retail dealers, whose means...
Сторінка 40 - ... receives two distinct rewards. In his first capacity, he is a directive laborer, whose compensation is in the nature of wages; in his second capacity, he is a buyer and seller, who owns the product and who makes a profit by selling it.1 In this capacity he apparently does little to earn the profit. The reward of the entrepreneur in his capacity as owner of a product comes to him as rain from the clouds, through the action of forces lying beyond the range of his dominant influence. He has nothing...