212.-Contrary to English usage, these Pronouns must be repeated before every Substantive : Ces garçons et ces filles vont à l'école 213.-B. Disjunctive. these boys and girls are going to school 214. Neither celui, celle, &c., nor ceci, cela, are ever followed by a Noun; there is this difference between them, that the former Pronoun refers to a Noun expressed before, while the latter denotes something not already mentioned, but to which we point at the moment of speaking :— Rendez-moi mon livre et celui (ceux) de mon neveu Il a vendu sa voiture et celle (celles) de son ami Croyez-vous cela? Laissez-moi ceci et donnez-moi cela give me back my book and that (those) of my nephew he sold his carriage and that (those) of his friend do you believe that? leave this to me and give me that 215.-The Disjunctive or Neuter Pronoun ce (not to be confounded with the Conjunctive Demonstrative Pronoun, see § 210) never stands before a Noun nor in reference to a Noun mentioned before. It means:a. He, she, it, they, those, when it is placed before or after être. Est-ce toi? Oui, c'est moi C'est une excellente femme is it you? Yes, it is I she is an excellent woman b. that which (= what) when followed by qui, or que; that of which, when followed by dont (see § 226). Ce qui me plaît c'est sa pru- Retenez ce que je vous dis what pleases me, is his pru- remember what I tell you 216. With the addition of -ci, -là, the Pronouns celui-ci, celle-ci, &c. are used with reference to the nearest object( 1. this, 2. the latter), celui-là, celle-là, &c., with reference to the first-mentioned object (= 1. that, 2. the former). Voici deux poires; prendrez-vous celle-ci ou celle-là? Cicéron et Démosthènes étaient deux grands orateurs; celuilà vivait en Italie, celui-ci en Grèce here are two pears; will you take this (one) or that (one)? Cicero and Demosthenes were two great orators; the former lived in Italy, the latter in Greece 217.-Followed by Relative Pronouns, celui, celle, &c. have the sense of he who, she who, that which : Similarly for the plural: ceux qui, celles qui, they who, &c. Un monsieur est venu pendant ce votre absence, mais n'était pas celui dont vous avez parlé hier N'avez-vous pas vu celle à qui j'avais donné la lettre ? a gentleman called during your absence, but it was not he of whom you spoke yesterday did you not see her to whom I had given the letter? 219. Quel may be separated from its Substantive, but it must nevertheless agree with it in gender and number : Quelle est la capitale de la France? which is the capital of France? 220. Translate what a simply by quel, quelle, &c. Quel homme quelle surprise! what a man! what a surprise! 222.-Lequel, in the plural lesquels, lesquelles, &c. is used when we are asking which among several persons or things. It is therefore always followed by a genitive or a genitive has to be supplied. Lequel de ces temps faut-il em ployer ici ? Vous me dites que vous avez rencontré mon frère, lequel? which of these tenses must be used here? you tell me that you met my brother-which? I See Reasons, &c., § 369. 223. Whose (see also §§ 229 and 230) is de qui or à qui; the latter is used when it stands before être, and means to whom belongs ?— De qui Charlemagne était-il le fils? whose son was Charlemagne ? A qui est cette maison ? whose house is this? 224.-The periphrastic interrogation, qui est-ce qui,` may be used instead of qui, &c. :— 225. Similarly we may say qu'est-ce qui and qu'est-ce 1 Que is also used in the sense of an Adverb or a Conjunction (= combien, pourquoi ?). Que de services il vous a rendus ! how many services he has ren- why does he not complain to the 2 The nominative what can be rendered by que only before Impersonal or Intransitive Verbs (que deviendrai-je ? que se passe-t-il?); before all other Verbs qu'est-ce qui must be employed (qu'est-ce qui vous afflige? = what). |