On the Economy of Machinery and ManufacturesC. Knight, 1846 - 408 стор. |
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Adam Smith advantage amongst annealing applied arising attention Birmingham brass cajeput oil capital carbonic acid cast causes CHAP clock considerable contrivance copies copper cost cotton difficult diminished division of labour economy effect employed engine executed exertion expense factory flax force forceps fulminating silver furnace glass greater hammer hand head heat hole Holyhead House of Commons hundred important improved inches increased instance iron lathe machine machinery mandril manufacture mechanical medal ment metal method mode mould moveable types necessary needles operations paper perhaps persons Picul piece pins placed plates portion possessed pounds principle printed produce profit punch purchased quantity raw material reduced render rollers sheet shew skill steam steam-engine steel stocking frames stone substance supply surface surface-printing tinned tion trade triques usually velocity vessel weight wheels whilst wire workmen wrought iron
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Сторінка 117 - This great increase of the quantity of work which, in consequence of the division of labour, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another ; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.
Сторінка 117 - That the master manufacturer, by dividing the work to be executed into different processes, each requiring different degrees of skill or of force, can purchase exactly that precise quantity of both which is necessary for each process; whereas, if the whole work were executed by one workman, that person must possess sufficient skill to perform the most ~~ difficult, and sufficient strength to execute the most laborious, of the operations into which the art is divided...
Сторінка 117 - When the human hand, or the human head, has been for some time occupied in any kind of work, it cannot instantly change its employment with full effect. The muscles of the limbs employed have acquired a flexibility during their exertion, and those not in action a stiffness during rest, which renders every change slow and unequal in the commencement. Long habit also produces in the muscles exercised a capacity for enduring fatigue to a much greater degree than they could support under other circumstances.
Сторінка 143 - In watchmaking, as Mr. Babbage observes, " it was stated in evidence before a Committee of the House of Commons, that there are a hundred and two distinct branches of this art, to each of which a boy may be put apprentice ; and that he only learns his master's department, and is unable, after his apprenticeship has expired, without subsequent instruction, to work at any other branch. The watch-finisher, whose business it is to put together the scattered parts, is the only one, out of the hundred...
Сторінка 117 - When each process has been reduced to the use of some simple tool, the union of all these tools, actuated by one moving power, constitutes a machine. In contriving tools and simplifying processes, the operative workmen are, perhaps, most successful; but it requires far other habits to combine into one machine these scattered arts. A previous education as a workman in the peculiar trade, is undoubtedly a valuable preliminary; but in order to make such combinations with any reasonable expectation of...
Сторінка 145 - ... similar arts, it will soon occur to the manufacturer, that if that part were executed by a steam-engine, the same man might, in the case of weaving, attend to two or more looms at once : and, since we already suppose that one or more operative engineers have been employed, the number of looms may be so arranged that their time shall be fully occupied in keeping the steam-engine and the looms in order.
Сторінка 128 - The higher the skill required of the workman in any one process of a manufacture, and the smaller the time during which it is employed, so much the greater will be the advantage of separating that process from the rest, and devoting one person's attention entirely to it.
Сторінка xxi - ... very small space from each other, and each in its turn is pushed lengthwise to the right or to the left, according to the direction of the point.
Сторінка 173 - I shall now present the outline of a system which appears to me to be pregnant with the most important results, both to the class of workmen and to the country at large; and which, if acted upon, would, in my opinion, permanently raise the working classes, and greatly extend the manufacturing system. The general principles on which the proposed system is founded, are — i St.
Сторінка 170 - A most erroneous and unfortunate opinion," he commences, "provails among workmen in many manufacturing countries, that their own interests and that of their employers are at variance. The consequences are, that valuable machinery is sometimes neglected and even privately injured — that new improvements, introduced by the masters, do not receive a fair trial — and that the talents and observations of the workmen are not directed to the improvement of the processes in which they are employed. ....