CONTENTS.

CHAP. I.

Notes on Effects of Steam-power on social Relations. On Novelty

in foreign Countries. On Calais and Dover. Eustace de St.

Pierre, Beau Brummel, Edward III. On Flanders, Cassel, the

Flemish Dialect. Difference of social Structure where the un-

latinized Teutonic Dialects prevail. Division of the Land into

small Estates on the Sea-coasts and River-sides of Europe.

Division of Land on the Continent. Tendency to its Aggrega-

tion in Britain. New Elements in the social Structure abroad.

Difference of the social Structure in England. Subjects for the

Traveller's Consideration

Page 1

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CHAP. II.

Notes on the Small-estate Occupancy of Land in Flanders as com-

pared with the Large-estate and Large-farm Occupancy in

Scotland. Husbandry in Flanders and Scotland compared.

Stall-feeding and Saving of Manure in Flanders. Small-estate

Husbandry compared with Large-farm Husbandry. Scotch

Farming and Improvements. Their Effects on the Condition of

the People of Scotland. Introduction of the Scotch System of

Farming into Ireland. Theory and Results of the Scotch System

of Farming examined. Small Peasant-proprietors and Peasant-

tenants. Their Husbandry and social Condition compared.

Economy of Labour, the Basis of Scotch Farming

18

Notes on the Theory of Population and Food increasing in different

Ratios. The relative Increase of Population and Food stated

differently. Land to produce Food artificially, not naturally,

scarce for the Subsistence of its Population. Over-population

only relative to Under-production from conventional Causes.

On the Over-population of Ireland. On the Size of Farms in

Ireland. On the Impracticability of converting the small Irish

Farms into Farms of a Size for Scotch farming. On the Reme-

dies proposed for the Over-population of Ireland. On Fisheries.

On Factories. On Emigration

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Page 41

CHAP. IV.

Notes on Emigration. Emigration by Sea no Remedy for Over-

population. Emigration of small Capitalists no Relief to the

Country. Expense and Inefficiency of Emigration at the public

Expense. Its Injustice. Reasons why a poor Man should not

emigrate why a Man with a little saved Capital should not

emigrate. The English too co-operative, and too far advanced

in Civilisation, to emigrate with advantage. Emigration from

Germany. Letters of Expatriation
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CHAP. V.

Notes on the Causes of the Division and Subdivision of tenant

Occupancies in Ireland-Want of Property - Want of Employ-

ment-strong family Affection. Why the same Causes do not

produce the same Effects in other Countries. Want of the Sense

of Property among small Cotter-tenants. Strong Sense of Pro-

perty among small Peasant-proprietors. The divisive Element

only at work, the aggregative Element dormant in the social

State of Ireland. The Manners, Way of Living, Costume of

Peasant-proprietors conservative. Well-being in this social

State. Intellectual and moral Condition of this Class. National

Wealth and national Well-being not always the same. Advan-

tages of the small-estate Occupancy. Which of the two social

States is preferable. Importance of the Question. Duty of the

Traveller to state both Sides of it impartially
- 79

Notes on the Disadvantages of the small-estate Occupancy of the

Land of a Country. It is a stationary, not a progressive social

State. Want of co-operative Industry. Want of Means to

cultivate the Tastes of a higher Civilisation. The small Estates

not always divided, but generally burdened with Payments to

Coheirs by the equal Division of Land among the Children.

Want of a Middle Class between the governed and the governing

in this social State. The Equality of Condition in it not favour-

able to Liberty. Want of Demand for, and the Means to pur-

chase, the Objects of peaceful Industry. Want of any increasing

Employment for the increasing Population in each Generation.

The Youth necessarily thrown for Employment into military

Service Effects of this war Element in different Countries and

different Ages. The History and Economy of this social State

adverse to the Views of the Peace Congress. The true Balance

between the old and new social State of Europe not to be found

in this Generation

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CHAP. VII.

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Notes on the Loire-on the Change in the French Character from

Gaiety to Seriousness on the Want of Self-government. Ex-

travagant Scale of all public Works from this Want of Control.

Centralisation and Non-centralisation illustrated in the Roads of

France and of England. The Taste for Display in the French

Character. Difference of the Objects on which Income is ex-

pended in England and in France. Social Effects of the different

Expenditure of equal Incomes by the French and English Family.

The civilising Influence of the Diffusion of the Useful Arts

greater than of the Fine Arts. On the Effects of government

Interference with manufacturing Industry. Encouragement by

the continental Governments of the Manufacture of Earthen-

ware- the Effects. French Carts. Ploughs of different

Countries. Working Cows and Heifers. Spade-work compared

with Plough-work. Vine-culture. Touraine interesting to

English Travellers Houses - Manner of Living - Historical

Connection with England

- 112

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Notes on Land and Population on the Continent and in England.

A Reserve of Land in England to meet an Increase of Popula-

tion none on the Continent

On

probable Consequences.

the Abolition of the Corn Laws as a conservative Measure for

the English Landed Interest. Rents in Kind. High Farming

not judicious with low Prices and Money Rents. On Measures

resorted to in former Times for limiting the Increase of Popula-

tion to the Amount of Employment. Every Country has its own

Political Economy suited to its physical Circumstances. Guilds

or Incorporations of Trades.-Is Labour a Property? Socialism

is a Revival of the Principle of the Guilds of the Middle Ages

the Principle and Results the same

Page 147

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CHAP. IX.

Fall of

Notes on a Middle Class between the Government and the People.

On the Reform of the Distribution of Land in Prussia.

the Feudal Aristocracy. Establishment of Functionarism as the

third Element in the social Body. Spirit of Functionarism

Dangerous to the Monarch and the People.

inflicted in Hanover in 1818. Functionarism in Norway - in

the United States. Effects of the Functionary System on In-

dustry on Education

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Case of Torture

173

CHAP. X.

Notes on the German Students, or Burschenschaft. Numbers at

the Prussian and Scotch Universities compared. Educational

System of the German and Scotch Universities different in its

Object and Results from that of the English. Why the German

Students are considered dangerous to the established Govern-

ments.

The Restrictions on the Freedom of teaching throw

public Opinion and social Action into the Hands of the Profes-

sors at the Universities. The War with Denmark was produced

by this social Power

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Notes on the Landwehr System. An ancient Establishment —

revived after the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 by Prussia-its Effi-

ciency proved in 1813, 1814-its present Organisation - not

suitable to Times of Peace. Oppressive and demoralising Effects

of the Landwehr Service on the People. Landwehr and a Stand-

ing Army compared. Effects of the three new Elements in the

social Condition of the Continent. The Distribution of Land

Functionarism and Landwehr Service considered. Notes on the

public Buildings and Fortifications on the Continent. On Penal

Labour on Fortifications. On the Abolition of Capital Punish-

ment why it cannot be abolished in our penal Code. On the

Want of Self-respect in the continental Character-Notions of

Liberty. Form of a Constitutional Government without the

Reality of Freedom

Page 228

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CHAP. XII.

Notes on the Town and Country Populations abroad and in

England. On the Vice and Profligacy of London compared to

other Capitals. Prostitution in London-in Paris. Moral

Condition of the London Population. Habits, Character, and

social State of the English and Scotch compared. Moral Tie in

England between Landlord and Tenant. On the comparative

Well-being of the Working Man on the Continent and in

England. On the Burdens on the Continental Working Man.

Military Service. Direct Taxes. Kopfsteuer or Poll-tax.

Gewerbsteuer or Trade Tax. Class-tax in Prussia, Hanover,

etc. Direct and indirect Taxes compared. Injustice of direct

Taxation as a Substitute for indirect Taxes. Higher Well-being

of the English Working Class. Advantage of the Continental

Working Class in the easier Acquisition of Land - - 273

CHAP. XIII.

Notes on the Indications in Foreign and British Towns of a read-

ing Public. Printing and Bookselling Establishments in Berlin

and Edinburgh. Newspapers, Periodicals, Sects, Meeting-houses

indicate a higher intellectual Condition of our Population. On