elevation of temperature alone will not produce the ferment and transform the starch; a large number of frogs were kept for more than six months and no sugar was formed though the hepatic cellules were full of starch; (9) in some cases these globules may be absorbed without producing dextrin or sugar; they appear to suffer a change which gives rise to oxalic acid; (10) the diseased livers of mammals, of birds and of frogs which contain no starch, are much darker than those in which the glycogenic transformation is carried on; (11) during hibernation, both the ferment and the hepatic starch are present, though the latter is diminished in amount; (12) nitrogenous tissues treated with cane sugar and sulphuric acid become yellow and then reddish-purple; since therefore the walls of the hepatic cellules and not their contained globules, are colored by this treatment, the latter do not contain nitrogen. Bernard's glycogenic matter according to Schiff, is not a pre-existant anatomical element, but a product derived from this by the processes employed.

(53.) BERNARD followed this paper by a recapitulation of the dates of his own discoveries. First, in 1854, he announced the existence of glycogenic matter, under the qualified name "a sort of animal starch," in various foetal mammalian tissues, though the substance itself was not then isolated. At the same time, he compared at length, the part which saccharine and amylaceous matters play in the organic evolution of animal and vegetable tissues, and concluded with the opinion that these substances seemed to enter as an essential condition of development of the tissues of both kingdoms of nature. Second, in 1855, he published an experiment fundamental to the glycogenic theory; showing that when the sugar of a healthy liver was removed by washing, the saccharine substance was renewed; thus proving that the sugar is not formed by the splitting up of certain blood elements, but by a fermentation analogous to that taking place in vegetables. Third, in 1857, the isolation of the glycogenic matter was communicated to the Academy on the 23d of March; and, since these experiments, there for the first time described, are referred to in Schiff's paper of the 18th of March above mentioned, it is evident that his paper was antedated and is actually posterior in date to this. The glycogenic matter was here called amidon animal; and it was shown to be an isomer of vegetable starch, having all its physical, chemical, and physiological properties, changing to dextrin and sugar by acids and ferments, rotating the polarized ray, etc. The existence of the ferment both in the liver-tissue

*C. R, xlviii, 884.

and in the blood was there shown. The mechanism of the function had been announced before Schiff's experiments appeared. "M. Schiff says himself that he agrees with me; but he thinks that he has more accurately distinguished and located microscopically the hepatic starch, and so has proved my views better than I have myself. If this be so, I cannot but be satisfied; but I see not how this gives him any claim to priority."

(54.) On the 30th of May, ROUGET communicated another paper to the Academy,* on the amorphous amylaceous matter contained in the vertebrate and invertebrate foetal tissues. This substance-for which he proposes the name Zoamylin-is not granular, but consists of a plasma holding in suspension fatty or nitrogenous granulations. Moreover, ossifiable cartilages must be added to the embryonic tissues containing amylaceous matter; though this is not found in the substance of the cartilage, but only in the cells, which in a foetal lamb 1 to 2 months old, are colored rose-violet with iodine. With this amylaceous plasma too, the epithelial cells of the digestive, respiratory and genito-urinary passages, of the interior of the eyelids and even of the cornea, are filled. With young ruminant embryos, the cartilaginous, muscular, and epithelial elements of which contain zoamylin, no trace of glycogenic cellules appears on the surface of the amnion. When these are present their mode of development, their form, constitution and general appearance are precisely like those of the cellules of the horny layer of the epidermis; and hence prove the amnion to be an extension simply of the skin. The presence of amylaceous matter in the amnion and placenta, therefore, is not a special case, since all foetal tissues contained it. No new hepatic organ exists, nor has the placenta any new function. The presence of this substance is the evidence, not of a new function in an organ, but of a new property of tissues. The production of sugar is not the object but the consequence of the existence of zoamylin in the organism. The sugar accumulated by the urinary secretion in the allantoic and amniotic fluids, is a result of the destruction of the fœtal zoamylin, precisely as urea is produced by the metamorphosis of proteic bodies.

(55, 56.) Already given as paragraphs (43) and (44).

* C. R., xlviii, 1018.

(To be concluded.)

ART. XXIV.-A New Meteoric Iron-"The Wisconsin Meteorites"-with some remarks on the Widmannstätian Figures; by J. LAWRENCE SMITH, Louisville, Ky.

THESE meteorites were first brought to my notice by Mr. I. A. Lapham, of Wisconsin, and his attention was called to them by Mr. C. Daflinger, Secretary of the German Nat. Hist. Society of Wisconsin. They were discovered in the town of Trenton, Washington county, Wisconsin, and I have called them the "Wisconsin meteorites." Up to the present time, fragments have been found, indicating that these meteorites were of the same fall and separated at no great elevation. They were found within a space of ten or twelve square yards, very near the north line of the 40 acre lot of Louis Korb, in latitude 43° 22' N., and longitude 88° 8' west from Greenwich, and about 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee.

They were so near the surface as to be turned up with the plough; they weigh 60, 16, 10, and 8 pounds respectively, and present the usual pitted and irregular surfaces.

The largest of the meteorites in is extreme dimensions, is 14 inches long, 8 inches wide, and 4 inches thick, weighing 62 pounds. Its specific gravity is 7·82, and composition,

a

A polished surface when etched gives well marked Widmannstättian figures. There is something, however, peculiar about the markings on this iron, which is doubtless common to other irons, but which has heretofore escaped my observation, and I cannot discover, in a hasty investigation, that it has been noticed by others. My attention was called to this peculiarity by Mr. Lapham, on a slice of the meteorite I sent him etched; should these markings be entitled to a separate notice, I propose calling them Laphamite markings. The little drawing accompanying this, which is on a somewhat exaggerated scale, will show what they are.

a

a

The Widmannstättian figures are a, bright metallic, with con

vex ends and sides; b c, of a darker color, are the other markings, usually smaller and with the sides and ends concave. The material of which these dark figures are composed seems to have enveloped the lighter colored portion, which serves to make the dark lines so beautifully conspicuous. A good pocket glass will show that the darker figures are striated, with lines at right angles to the bounding surfaces. When the figure is nearly square, the lines extend from each of the tour sides, but when much elongated, as at c, they are parallel with the longer sides. Often these lines do not reach the middle of the figure, where only a confused crystallization can be detected. In the interior of the elongated figures, the lines are quite irregular, often running together, and showing a striking resemblance to woody fibre. The nature of these markings may be easily understood. They indicate the axes of minute columnar crystals, which tend to assume a position at right angles to the surface of cooling.

These markings may have been observed by others; and as soon as the subject can be examined on other irons, a better conclusion can be formed.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.

I. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY.

1. On the wave lengths of the metallic rays.—THALEN has published an extended memoir on the wave lengths of the spectral lines of the elements. The author's work does not present any new measurements, but is based upon those made by Angström, which had already been employed for the purpose of interpolation by the writer of these notices. The method of proceed ing was however new. Each luminous ray, the wave length of which was to be measured, was in the first place entered either upon Kirchhoff's chart, which extends from A to G, or upon a new chart by Angström and Thalén, extending from G to H. These rays were then transferred to the normal plates of the spectrum furnished by Angström, and finally were entered upon the charts published with Thalén's memoir, each being placed according to its wave length. In some cases the graphical method was employed. The description of the process employed in determining the wave lengths is by no means clear. The spectroscope used was provided with large telescopes, and with a prism of bisulphid of carbon with a refracting angle of 60°. The number of elements examined amounted to 45; of these 23 were in the metallic state, the others being in the form of chlorids. One important result obtained by the author is the proof that the sun's

atmosphere contains titanium. The following elements had, so far as the writer knows, not before been examined with the spectroscope; glucinum, zirconium, erbium, yttrium, thorium, uranium, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium. Appended to Thalén's memoir is a chart upon which the spectra of the different elements are entered upon the plan first employed by Mr. Huggins, so that all the spectra are upon one sheet with the normal spectrum at the top. It must be borne in mind, however, that the lines upon Thalén's map are entered according to their wave lengths and not upon an arbitrary scale. The memoir contains, also, a complete table of the wave lengths of all the lines of the elements examined. With respect to the numerical values of these wave lengths the writer will only remark that they differ widely from those determined by himself in the discussion of Mr. Huggins's scale, in the present number of this Journal.-Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Scient. Upsaliensis. Series tertia, vol. vi, fasc. II, 1868.

W. G.

2. On spectral analysis.—In another memoir on spectral analysis, published in 1866, but which has just reached us, Thalén has given what amounts to a complete history of, and treatise on, the subject. The memoir contains what has long been wanted,maps of the spectral lines of the elements as seen with a single prism of bisulphid of carbon with a refracting angle of 60°. These maps give the principal lines for each element. They are all upon a single sheet, upon Mr. Huggins's plan, with the solar spectrum at the top for comparison, and with a scale of millimeters. A prism of the bisulphid of 60° has become a sort of normal or standard, easily and cheaply obtained, and extremely convenient for common use and reference. Thalén's chart is therefore a most acceptable addition to our resources, and will, we hope, be published separately.-Upsala Universitets. Arsskrift.

W. G.

3. On a normal spectrum of the Sun.-FIZEAU has presented to the Academy of Sciences, on behalf of the author, A. J. Angström, a new atlas of the solar spectrum. This atlas contains six detailed charts, representing different parts of the solar spectrum, drawn from new observations upon which their author has spent five years. The map contains also a description of the violet portion of the spectrum between G and H, which was wanting in the chart of Kirchhoff and Hofmann. Upon these charts the lines are entered simply according to their wave lengths, a method which Fizeau attributes to Angström. That the new charts will prove of the greatest value and interest cannot be doubted. With respect to the originality claimed for their construction, it may be remarked that the method was first proposed by Billet, (Traité d'Optique, vol. i, p. 47,) and that the first extended chart constructed in accordance with it, was presented by the writer of these notices to the National Academy of Sciences, Aug. 7th, 1866. This chart contained 87 lines.(This Journal, vol. xliii, Jan. 1867.) Comptes Rendus, lxvii, 946.

W. G.

4. On the red protuberances from the surface of the sun.-In verifying the observations of Lockyer and Janssen upon the light