Communism unlike Plato's

Contribution to Political Philosophy

Law and Custom

Francis Bacon

Section III.-BODIN.

State as an Aggregate of Families.

Importance of Geographical and Historical Conditions.

Importance of Middle Class

Absolutism and Mercantile Theory

CHAPTER II.-GROTIUS.

Sponte Acta

82

82

83

83

84

Economics Growing up within Political Philosophy

Difficulty of getting out of the Individual

Note: Spinoza and Pufendorf.

84

85

86

86

CHAPTER IV.-HARRINGTON.

87

"Oceana" a Political Utopia .

Popular Government a Government of the Laws, and not of Men

87

Nature of Former Dependent on Property in Land

Two Elements-(1) Force, Depending on Good Fortune, (2) Au-

thority, Depending on Goods of the Mind

88

88

88

Agrarian Law Essential

Agriculture Paramount

Population Encouraged by Exemptions from Taxation

Council of Trade to help Useful and hinder Hurtful Trades.
Education, Free, National and Compulsory

"Balance" why only of property in Land?

Influence on Harrington of Contemporary Politics

Distinction of Luxuries and Necessaries

Public Spirit versus Avarice

107

Mandeville answered,

"Useful and therefore not a

Vice"

108

Commercial Ambition, a Principle of Development

Natural Order, not Historical, but Rational

Limitations of Laissez-faire

Patriotism, Concentric Circles, Economical and Ethical

"Nature"

Objective Economic Standard

Abstract Deductive Method

ง

Historical and Theoretical not Clearly Distinguished

Society and State .

Taxation as Quid pro Quo

Notes: Rousseau and Mandeville-Duties as Divine Com-

mandments

PAGE

180

180

CHAPTER IX.-NATURAL RIGHTS AND LAW OF NATURE.

Common Use of "Natural" as Instinctive

184

Suggestion of a Natural Order, Wrought Out by Absence of

Human Interference .

184

Rights in Declaration of the Constituante, 1789

Locke's Connection of Law of Nature with Rights.

Rousseau on Rights before and after Institution of Society

Rights in Declaration of Independence

Burke, Bentham, and Paine as Critics of them

188

Rights imply Society but not State.

189

But Recognition comes Late and is Deliberate

Rights as a Postulate of Moral Ideal, the External Conditions

of a Moral Life

190

"Right to have Leisure "

Term Natural, How Far Convenient

Term Law in Economics.

Note: Spencer and Green

Book 111.—Modern Philosopby: Utilitarian Economics.

CHAPTER I.-MALTHUS.

Next Step through the Political Philosophy of Godwin .

Governments viewed as Injuring not only Trade but Thought

Justice = ἀρετὴ ἡ πρὸς ἕτερον

Political Philosophy, a Branch of Ethics. Virtue and Happiness

to Come from Enlightenment

Ideal Society, Plain Living and High Thinking, Leisure for All

Objection from Population

Influence of Theory of Malthus (1) on Political Philosophy

(2) on Economics

206

207

207

207

Bentham's Political Economy, Relation to Adam Smith

"Greatest Happiness" in His Economics

Association of Political Economy with Utilitarianism

215

215

216

Bentham's Utilitarianism

Points of Supposed Coincidence of Political Economy with Utili-

tarianism

(1) Palpable Objects

PAGE

216

(2) Individualism

(3) Deliberate Calculation

(4) Insatiable Wants

(5) "Calculus" of Pains and Pleasures

(6) Infallibility of Individuals

Application of Utilitarianism to Society and State.

James Mill on Government

Economical Genesis of Government

Criticism of Mackintosh and Macaulay

Law of Nations

Minorities, in Bentham and in Political Economy

Services of Bentham

Note: Carlyle .

CHAPTER III.-J. S. MILL.

218

220

220

220

222

224

225

227

229

229

232

232

234

235

235

Estimate of Himself, Early Training

Ceases to follow Bentham. Influence of Visits to France

"Unsettled Questions," St. Simonians, Comte, De Tocqueville

Plan and Purpose of "Political Economy"

1. Question of Method

Definition of Wealth, Relation of Pleasure and Desire

Value

Book IV.-Modern Philosopby: 3dealistic Economics.