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Labour hours in Utopia 63, cause
of value (Locke) 94, connec-
tion with property (Locke) 99
seq. (cf. 93, 127), individual's
labour helped by society 102,
other than physical (Hume)
116, source of wealth (Hume)
117, measure of value (Ad.
Smith) 157, 158, a commodity
(Ad. Smith) 158, productive
and reverse 161, in relation to
government (James Mill) 230
seq., 386, (J. S. Mill) 254,
"attractive 255 seq., hours
of labour (J. S. Mill) 264,
labour and property (Kant)
273 seq., labour and food
(Fichte) 288 seq., (Hegel) 311
(cf. 303), (Marx) 341 seq.,
(Lassalle) 351 seq., right to
labour 145, 192, 193.
Labourers (Plato) 17, 21, (Aris-

دو

totle) 35 seq., living from hand
to mouth (Locke) 96, not
lauded by Physiocrats 139,
as inventors 365, as chief
class in State 368 seq. See
also Arts, Division, Produc-
tion, Wages.
Laissez-faire: truth in 103, 394,

(Physiocrats) 145, 185, (Ad.
Smith) 175, (Paine and Bent-
ham) 188, 189, not a "law"
194 (cf. 258), (Spencer) 196,
(James Mill) 233 seq., (J. S.
Mill) 257, 258, 263, 264,
(Hegel) 313.
LANGE (F. A.): 265 Note.
Language: origin 155 n., cf. 183,

language of trade (Kant) 276.
Land: balance determining power
(Harrington) 88, taxes ulti-
mately resting on land (Locke)
95, specially treated (James
Mill) 234, (J. S. Mill) 255-
7, not peculiar (Hegel) 303,
(Marx) 342. See also Physio-
crats, Nationalizing.
LASSALLE (Ferdinand): 350 seq.,
371, 392.
LAVELEYE (E. de): 265.
LAW (John): 97 n., 134, 146.

Law, International: 71, 73, 74,

232 n., 317, 321, 322, 386.
Law and Morality: (Kant) 271,
(Hegel) 305 seq., (Fichte) 283,
388-9. See also Justice.
Law: in economics 141 n., 193 seq.,
212, 344, 387, 390, in physics
358.
Laws due to human imperfec-
tion (Plato) 25, bad laws not
wholly fatal (Plato) 26, edu-
cative (Aristotle) 43, not
always indispensable 44,
divine and natural (Chris-
tianity) 55, natural (Grotius)
72 seq., of nations (Grotius)
71, standard of justice
(Hobbes) 79 (but cf. 84),
natural (Locke) 95, 96, laws
and property (Locke) 101,
(Physiocrats) 139 seq., 195,
.(Ad. Smith) 170, commercial
law 190, in view of develop-

ment 364. See also Nature,
Jurisprudence, Justice.
Leagues and law of Nature 75.
LEIBNITZ (G. W.): 86 Note, 352 n.,
359 n.
Leisure (Aristotle) 32, 33, 34,

(More) 63, 65, (Hume and
Locke) 112, right to have
leisure 193 seq., 202, 206, 368,
384.

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LESER (Prof. E.): 153 n., 181 Note.
LESLIE (Cliffe): 121 n., 180, 196.
LETOURNEAU (Prof. Charles); 255 n.
LEWIS (G. C.): 184.
Liberty (Plato) 17, 30, (Hobbes)
80, 83, "a necessary of life
(J. S. Mill) 255 (cf. 263,
394), (Kant) 277, (Fichte
and Krause) 298, (Hegel)
302, 303, 311, (Humboldt)
238. See also Nature.
LIST (Friedrich): 133 n., 287 n.
LIVY (Machiavelli): 60.
LOCKE (John): 5, 76, 77, 90,

Book II. ch. v. passim, 103,
104, 112 n., 117, 127, 136,
139, 144, 146, 154, 185 seq.,
199, 254, 269, 273, on gene-
ration 363, 379.

LORIA (Prof. A.): 374 n.
LORIMER (James): 30 n., 86, 196
Note, 297, 298 n., 389.
LOWELL (J. R.): 89.
LOWNDES (T.): 96.

LUCRETIUS: 49.

LUTHER: 204.

MABLY (Abbé): 144 n., 346.
MACAULAY (T. B.): 218 n., 227 n.,

232, 233 n., 239, 243 n., 261.
MACCULLOCH (J. R.): 246, 258,
MACHIAVELLI (N.): 60-62, 65.
71, 87, 377-

Machines: Ad. Smith's similes

151, 175, 183 Note, failure to
benefit working classes (J. S.
Mill) 257 n., epoch of (Proud-
hon) 332, history ofà la
Darwin (Marx) 364 (cf. 367).
MACKENZIE (J. S.): 373 n.
MACKINTOSH (James): 232.
Madmen (cannot combine) 40.
MAINE (H. S.): 85 n.
MALEBRANCHE (N.): 145 Note,

202, 203.

MALTHUS (T. R.): 105, 141 n.,

150, 178, 196, Book III. ch. i.
passim, 236, 237, 240 n., 245,
331, 334, 344, 357 seq., 383,
393.

MANDEVILLE (Bernard): 6, 93 n.,
104, 107 seq., 118, 121, 154,
160, 171, 180, 181, 202, 380,
384.

MARCET (Mrs.): 242 n.
MARSHALL (Prof. A.): 61 n.,

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MENGER (Prof. Carl): 194 n.,

299 n.
Mercantile theory: 5, 59, 69, 76,
89 (cf. 103), 118, Book II.
ch. vii., 152-3, 162, 246,
378, 382 seq.

MERCIER DE LA RIVIÈRE: 134.
Metaphysics: 85, 86, 110, 112,
119, 147, 269, 279, 300, 337,
384, 388.

Method of Political Economy:
(J. S. Mill) 241 seq. See also
Abstract Method.
MIASKOWSKY (Prof. A.): 131 n.
MICHELET (J.): 239.

Middle Classes: 68, 69, 70, 83 n.,

233, 234, 249, 258, 320, 370,
391, (bourgeoisie) 338, 339.
MILL(James): Book III. ch. ii. 237,

238, 245, 247, 249, 260, 385.
MILL (J. S.): 18 n., 73 n., 86, 161,

195, 212, 218, 221, 226,
Book III. ch. iii. passim, 270,
386 seq.

MIRABEAU (Marquis de) (the
Elder): 134.

Monarchy: (Hegel) 319. See
also Absolute Monarchy.
Money (Plato) 18, 22, (Aristotle)
37, (Machiavelli) 60, (More)
62 seq., (Bodin) 69, (Hobbes)
82, 83, (Locke) 92 seq., “im-
aginary value" 97 n., helps
accumulation IOI, 103,
(Hume) 118, Mercantile
theory 131 seq., (Quesnay)
135, 137, (Ad. Smith) 156,
(J. S. Mill) 239, 258, 263,
(Kant) 274 seq., (Fichte) 286,
speculative prices 289, 290, (cf.
293), (Fichte and More) 290,
(Hegel) 311, (Proudhon) 333,
(Marx) 337, 341, 342, (Engels)
350, (Keary) 365.
Money-making: (Plato) 13, 22,
(Aristotle) 38, (Esthetic
Socialists) 370 seq., 375.
MONTAGUE (Prof. F. C.): 228 n.
MONTCHRÉTIEN (A. de): 377-
MONTESQUIEU (Charles): 67 n.,

125 n., 126, 134 n., 146, 148,
231 n., 381.

Moral Philosophy: (Ad. Smith) its
four parts 147 seq. See also
Ethics.
MORE (Thomas): 62 seq., 69, 71,
85, 87, 146, 290, 292, 377.
MORELLET (Abbé): 129 n.
MORELLY: 144.

MORGAN (Lewis): 349, 367.
MUIRHEAD (J. H.): 361 n.
MUN (Thomas): 130, 146.
Music of the Future, 371.
Musical Combinations 262 n.

Nations, law of: (Grotius) 71 seq.

See also (International) Law.
Nationalizing of the land: 142, and
of capital 257, 368 seq. See
also Land.

Nature: and custom 25, 43, nature
limiting wants 13, natural
rights 6, 27, natural produc-
tion 37, nature goal not
starting-point 41, Greek view
of 42, natural justice (Aris-
totle) 43, (Stoics) 49, 50,
(Canon Law) 52, nature pre-
fers many things to gold and
silver (More) 63, follow nature
(Bodin) 68, 69, natural desires
(Locke) 91, eternal law and
nature of things (ib.) 92 (cf.
98), natural value (ib.) 95,
natural interest (ib.) 96, follow
nature (ib.) 98, nature and
natural in arguments (Hume)
123, permanent elements in
human nature (Hume) 125
(cf. 156), natural right and
natural order (Physiocrats)
137, 140, natural rules of
justice (Ad. Smith) 148,
natural liberty (ib.) 162, 234
(cf. 96, 383), nature makes
individuals not groups (ib.)
165, corrected by man (ib.)
170, nature's means (ib.) 170,
natural jurisprudence (Ad.
Smith) 177, 179, nature versus
reason (ib.) 177, natural price
(ib.) 177, natural rights 235,
Nature (J. S. Mill) 249 seq.,
259, (Kant) 270, 272, 278,

(Fichte) 284 seq., (Krause)
297, 298, natural rights (Hegel)
314, natural laws of Econom-
ists (Marx) 338, natural selec-
tion 174, 357 seq., 393, 394.
Law of Nature: (Berkeley) 104,
natural course of things
(Hume) 107, natural laws
(Ad. Smith) 172. See also
Grotius.

State of Nature: (Grotius) 75,
(Hobbes) 79, 378, (Hooker)
75, 76 (cf. 41), (Locke) 99,
(Hume) 122, (Hegel) 322. See
also Book II. ch. ix. passim.
Necessaries and luxuries: (Plato) 13,
46, 374, (Aristotle) 33, (Epi-
curus) 48, (Machiavelli) 60,
(More) 62, 64, (Grotius) 74,
(Hobbes) 84, (Harrington) 88,
(Locke) 96, (Hume) 107, 116,
117, 125, 384, (Mandeville)
107 seq., 384, (Quesnay) 135,
(Ad. Smith) 153, 154, 159,
162, 170, 171, 172, 383, (God-
win) 202, (Malthus) 212, 213,
(Fichte) 288 seq., (Hegel) 310,
in view of Development 362,
368.
NETTLESHIP (Lewis): 14 n.
NICHOLSON (E. B.): 189 n.

Obligation perfect and imperfect
86, 271.

ONCKEN (Dr. August): 134 n.,

169 n., 170 n., 182, 270.
Open career: 17, 30, 34. See
Nature (natural liberty).
Organism and organization (Kant)

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Parliamentary representation: (J.

S. Mill) 261, 262 (cf. 265
Note), (Hegel) 320.
PATTEN (Prof. S. N.): 213 n.
Penal laws: 298 n., 305, 312, 313.
Perfectibility (Fichte) 281, (Hegel)
322, (Proudhon) 333-

See

also Condorcet, Godwin.
PERRY (Prof. A. L.): 201 n.
Personality (Stoics) 50, in rela-
tion to property (Hegel) 303,
to the body (Fichte) 284.
PESTALOZZI (J. H.): 296.
PETTY (William): 146.
Philosophy described 3, relation

to economics etc. 4, 137, 147,
science of connecting prin-
ciples (Ad. Smith) 150, 383,
systems like machines (ib.)
151, philosophy and sciences.
(J. S. Mill) 241.
Philosophical Radicals: 187, 203.
Physiocrats 6, 76, 96, 117, Book

II. ch. vii. passim, 150, 151,
152, 154, 160, 161, 184, 187,
194, 374, 381 seq.
Physiology 4, 16, 82, 83, 156 n.,
243, 244, 251, 252, 279, 317,
362.

Piecework: 162.

PITT (Wm., the Younger): 149 n.,

199, 215.

Plagiarisms: 106 n.

PLATO origin of State 5, econo:

mics Book I. ch. i. passim,
two ideals in Republic 12, 14,
15 n., 17, 18, 28, ideal in
Laws 22, 23, 24, 25, 28,
(Aristotle on) 33, 43, 45,
heavenly city 50 n., Christian
counterparts to Guardians 52,
53, 54, (cf. 291), P. compared
with More 62 seq., 67, “sponte
acta" 85, government 90, 231,
division of labour 95, 101, 155,
City of Pigs 122, justice 127,
168, 381, philosopher kings
203, pseudo-temperance 206,
pleasures differing in kind 247,
human wants, 362.
PLAYFAIR (William): 144.
Pleasure and desire: (Hume) 110

seq., (Bentham) 225, and pain
(Locke) 91, (Bentham) 216
seq., 385, (J. S. Mill) 247,
248, 386, (Kant) 270.
PLECHANOFF (G.): 330 n.
Political Economy: described 3,
distinct study 3, 4, 81, 84,
85, 133, 144, 373, relation to
cognate studies 4, 11, modern
begins with taxation 59, de-
scribed by Hume 105, con-
cerned in metaphysical contro-
versy 112, dealing with things
"limited in supply" (Jones
etc.) 120, touching philoso-
phy 137, the name P. E. 137,
branch of philosophy (Ad.
Smith) 149, narrow and wide
sense 151, 152, including
theory of population 211, de-
fined (J. S. Mill) 241 seq.,
schools of (Marx) 339, con-
cerned with development 355.
cf. 362 seq. See also Eco-

nomy, Classical Economists.
Population: (Aristotle) 45, (More)
65, (Bodin) 68, (Hobbes) 84,
English in 17th century 89 n.,
encouragements to (Harring-
ton and Locke) 89, 94, (Berke-
ley) 104, (Mercantile theory)
131, 132, (Physiocrats) 141,
142, (Ad. Smith) 158, 171, 172,
relation to natural rights 191,
(Godwin) 202 (cf. 205), (Con-
dorcet) 204, (Malthus) 205
seq., (J. S. Mill) 244, 254,
255, 257 n., (Hegel) 314,
(Proudhon) 334, (Marx) 344,
(Darwin) 358, 360, 366.
POSTE (E.): 29 n., 44 n.
Primogeniture: (Hegel) 319.
PRIOR (Matthew): 105.
Production (Plato) 11, 14 seq.,

(Aristotle) 34 seq., (More) 63,
(Locke) 93 seq., (Hume) 112
seq. (cf. 117 seq.), productive
class (Physiocrats) 138, (Ad.
Smith) 161, 171, (J. S. Mill)
249, 252, (Kant) 274 seq.,
(Fichte) 288, (Proudhon) 331,
334, (Marx) 340 seq., for sale

and for use 371 seq. (cf. 351),
391 (cf. 54), feudal 338.
Productive labour 25, 136,
138, 161, cf. 363.

Profits (Marx) 343 (cf. 38). See
also Interest, Usury.
Proletariate: Book V. 1. II. passim
(cf. 314).

Property (Plato) 22, 29, (Aris-

totle) 33, 45, (canon law) 52,
53, (More) 64, (Grotius) 73,
(Hobbes) 82, (Harrington) 88,
(Locke) 99 seq. (cf. 116), re-
lation to value 120, (Hume)
121 seq., 126 seq., cf. 369, (Phy-
siocrats) 140 seq., (Ad. Smith)
157, 158, 178, (Rousseau)
185, (Godwin) 202, (Bentham)
228, (James Mill) 231, 233,
(J. S. Mill) 239, 254 seq.,
(Kant) 273 seq., (Fichte) 284
seq., 291, 292, (Hegel) 303
seq., (Proudhon) 332 seq.,
laws modifiable in future 394.
Protection (J. S. Mill) 264,

(Fichte) 287 (cf. 133).
Protestantism: 71, 372.
PROUDHON (P. J.): 330 seq., 391.
PRYME (George): 152 n.
Psychology: 4, 6, (Plato) 28, 29,

(Aristotle) 42, (Locke) 91,
(Hume) 110 seq., (cf. 120,
137), (Malthus) 212, (Ben-
tham) 221, 225 seq., (James
Mill) 230, (J. S. Mill) 245,
246, (Comte) 244 n., (Hegel)
301, study of motives
374,
380.

Public as consumer: 160.
Public spirit as a motive: 107, 174,
206, 254, 262, 311, 320.
PUFENDORF (Samuel): 76, 86

Note, 89 n., 223, 271.
PULSZKY (Prof. A.): 361 n., 389 n.

QUESNAY (François): 134 seq.,

151.

Race and individual: 277, 278, 388.
RAE (John): 354 Note.
RAYNAL (Abbé): 145, 209.
READ (Samuel): 350 n.

Rebellion (Locke) 100.
Reformation : 367, cf. 329.
Religion and citizenship: 51 (see
Christianity), religion and
ethics in Adam Smith and
Kant 182-3, 271, 318.

Religion, economics and
politics: 332, 336, 347, 351,
364, 367.
Renaissance: 55, 377.
Rent (Physiocrats) 138, (Mal-
thus) 212.

Revolution accomplished

by

Christianity 52, occasions of
it 175. French (see France).
Revolutionary socialism: 328 seq.,
340, Hegel's method revolu
tionary 328, 330, 347, 357,
372.
RICARDO (David): 74, 81, 196,

212, 218, 223, 224 n., 236,
237, 246, 264, 309, 336, 339,
344, 345, 385, 387-8, 392.
Right natural right 27 (cf. 78),

99, 139, 140, right to live
145, 209, Book II. ch. ix.
passim, 284, notion of right
(Krause) 297, rights of man,
6, 50, 97, cf. 368, Declaration
of Rights 188, (Condorcet)
204," Acquired Rights" (Las-

salle) 351, 352.

RITCHIE (D.): 40, 101 n., 361 n.
ROBERTSON (Fred.): 170 n.
RODBERTUS: (Jagetzow) 18 n., 253,

350.

RÖDER (R. D. A.): 297 n.
ROGERS (Thorold): 344.
Rome: Municipality 41, notion of
personality 50, in conflict
with Christianity 51, agra-
rian laws 60, 125, popes as
international mediators 71 (cf.
55), church as centralizing
agency 317, 322, 372, Roman
gens 349, testament 350, 352.
ROMANES (G.): 155 n.
ROSCHER (Prof. Wilhelm): (Bacon)
67 n., (excise, etc.) 83 n.,
(Pufendorf) 86, (Mercantile
theory) 132 n., (Jacob) 242 n.,
deductive, 344.

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