Elements of economics of industry, the first vol. of Elements of economics1899 |
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Сторінка 3
... lower classes " at all : that is , whether there need be large numbers of people doomed from their birth to hard work in order to provide for others the requisites of a refined and cultured life ; while they themselves are pre- vented ...
... lower classes " at all : that is , whether there need be large numbers of people doomed from their birth to hard work in order to provide for others the requisites of a refined and cultured life ; while they themselves are pre- vented ...
Сторінка 4
... lower classes " in the sense in which the term was originally used ; and some of them already lead a more refined and noble life than did the majority of the upper classes even a century ago . This progress has done more than anything ...
... lower classes " in the sense in which the term was originally used ; and some of them already lead a more refined and noble life than did the majority of the upper classes even a century ago . This progress has done more than anything ...
Сторінка 6
... lower than in some of the dealings of a primitive people with their neighbours , but it is much higher than in their dealings with strangers . Thus it is the ties of neighbourhood alone that have been relaxed . The ties of family are in ...
... lower than in some of the dealings of a primitive people with their neighbours , but it is much higher than in their dealings with strangers . Thus it is the ties of neighbourhood alone that have been relaxed . The ties of family are in ...
Сторінка 10
... lowers energy and in consequence the great body of workers in the old civilizations of the East were of a submissive ... lower classes and therefore also the upper classes who rested on them . And in consequence those races which have ...
... lowers energy and in consequence the great body of workers in the old civilizations of the East were of a submissive ... lower classes and therefore also the upper classes who rested on them . And in consequence those races which have ...
Сторінка 34
... lower : he does not balance the love for virtue against the desire for agreeable food . But he estimates the incentives to action by their Such measure- ment corre- effects just in the same way as people do in com- sponds to the mon ...
... lower : he does not balance the love for virtue against the desire for agreeable food . But he estimates the incentives to action by their Such measure- ment corre- effects just in the same way as people do in com- sponds to the mon ...
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Загальні терміни та фрази
ability action Adam Smith advantages agents of production aggregate agriculture amount arities average capital and labour causes CHAPTER chief chiefly classes commodity consumption cultivation demand and supply derived Diminishing Return division of labour dose duction Earnings of Management economic economists efficiency employers employment England English equal equilibrium evil exertion expenses of production fact factors of production factory give governed grade greater growth higher important income increase industry influence instance kind land less lower machinery manual labour manufacturer marginal utility measure ment modern national dividend nature necessary normal person population Principles Principles VI Producer's Surplus purchase Quasi-rent raise rate of interest rate of profits raw produce regard rent rise skill social sumers supply of labour supply price surplus tend things tion trade true Unions wages wants wealth workers
Популярні уривки
Сторінка 259 - The liberal reward of labour, as it encourages the propagation, so it increases the industry of the common people. The wages of labour are the encouragement of industry, which, like every other human quality, improves in proportion to the encouragement it receives. A plentiful subsistence increases the bodily strength of the labourer, and the comfortable hope of bettering his condition, and of ending his days perhaps in ease and plenty, animates him to exert that strength to the utmost.
Сторінка 175 - That the master manufacturer, by dividing the work to be executed into different processes, each requiring different degrees of skill or of force, can purchase exactly that precise quantity of both which is necessary for each process; whereas, if the whole work were executed by one workman, that person must possess sufficient skill to perform the most ~~ difficult, and sufficient strength to execute the most laborious, of the operations into which the art is divided...
Сторінка 227 - We might as reasonably dispute whether it is the upper or the under blade of a pair of scissors that cuts a piece of paper, as whether value is governed by utility or cost of production. It is true that when one blade is held still, and the cutting is effected by moving the other, we may say with careless brevity that the cutting is done by the second; but the statement is not strictly accurate, and is to be excused only so long as it claims to be merely a popular and not a strictly scientific account...
Сторінка 275 - Wages tend to equal the net product of labour; its marginal productivity rules the demand- price for it; and, on the other side, wages tend to retain a close though indirect and intricate relation with the cost of rearing, training and sustaining the energy of efficient labour.
Сторінка 178 - Good work is rightly appreciated, inventions and improvements in machinery, in processes and the general organization of business have their merits promptly discussed: if one man starts a new idea, it is taken up by others and combined with suggestions of their own; and thus it becomes the source of further new ideas.
Сторінка 48 - Every age and every country has its own problems: and every change in social conditions is likely to require a new development of economic doctrines": also the letter written in 1915 to Mr.
Сторінка 152 - So complete, indeed, has hitherto been the separation, so strongly marked the line of demarcation, between the different grades of labourers, as to be almost equivalent to fin hereditary distinction of caste; each employment being chiefly recruited from the children of those already employed in it...
Сторінка 65 - England, in this generation, may be said to consist of a well-drained dwelling with several rooms, warm clothing, with some changes of underclothing, pure water, a plentiful supply of cereal food, with a moderate allowance of meat and milk, and a little tea, etc., some education, and some recreation, and lastly, sufficient freedom for his wife from other work to enable her to perform properly her maternal and her household duties.
Сторінка 269 - The labour and capital of the country, acting on its natural resources, produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial, including services of all kinds. This is the true net annual income or revenue of the country, or the national dividend".
Сторінка 174 - Workmen, on the contrary, when they are liberally paid by the piece, are very apt to over-work themselves, and to ruin their health and constitution in a few years.