This is not a mere casual coincidence-it is an un

The English

those of the kingdom of Naples, and the same result for the amusement of the passengers.
will be obtained."
inns would be real enchanted palaces, did not, at last,
the bill of mine host appear, to dispel the illusion.
Throughout the island, king, ministers, and members
of parliament, are all in perpetual motion, on horse-
back, in gigs, or in carriages; on their way to dinners
or horse-races, assemblies, concerts, or balls. At the
bails given three or four times in the year in each
county ("the county balls"), families who live twenty,
thirty, or forty miles off, make their appearance
merely to pass away three or four hours. By means
of these vehicles, this constant coming and going,
comfort, wealth, and new inventions, are diffused
equally over the whole surface of the country. It is
not fluids alone which have a tendency to come to a
level; let the dykes of the inquisition, the police, the
spies, the customhouses, be thrown down; let human
knowledge spread itself, and flow without obstruction,
and it will soon be seen that philosophy, literature,
constitutional liberty, will also tend to a level over
the whole surface of Europe.

ous enemy, were encamped upon a great flow [quick
morass] on the other side of the Dee, called Moss
Raploch. The king, becoming aware of this fact,
took the counsel of his young friends as to the course failing effect of an infallible cause. From the want
which he should pursue, at the same time introducing of easy communication, men remain disjoined and
them to his party which, in number about three hun- isolated; their minds grow cold, their spirit slumbers,
dred, had spent the night in a neighbouring glen. they feel no emulation, they experience not the spur
The three youths advised that all the horses wild and of the necessity for satisfying new desires, have little
tame, and all the goats that could any where be found, moral developement, energy, or activity. This is
should be collected and kept by the soldiers during the reason why the republican, or the citizen of a free
the ensuing afternoon and night. This was done; state, is of a fervid, animated, and enterprising spirit,
when the English, hearing so much neighing and because he lives and moves in a multitude; while the
prancing in their neighbourhood, conceived that they subject of an absolute monarchy, where the population
were surrounded by a prodigious force, and durst not is usually scanty, and scattered over a large sur-
venture out beyond the limits of their camp. After face, becomes dull and drowsy, not more from the
a night of apprehension and dismay, the unfortunate terror than the isolation in which he lives. When
Southrons, though in reality much more than a match men are brought nearer to each other by means of
for Bruce's small party, were, at the break of day, roads, canals, steam-vessels, supension bridges, rail.
attacked and driven from their entrenchments with ways, and (would fate consent) air balloons, they will
great slaughter. The flight was precipitate, and waken up their ideas, their desires will multiply, and
therefore bloody. There still stands in the centre their energy and intelligence in proportion. Why is
of the flow a large isolated boulder, called the King's a countryman necessarily less active and intelligent
Stone, against which he is said to have leant his back than a citizen? Why the inhabitant of a small town
while his men were gathering up the spoil; and frag-less so than the inhabitant of a great capital? Because
ments of swords and lances have been dug up at the the mixing and rubbing together of men is less.
spot in modern times.
would appear that the developement of the human
mind is in the combined proportion of the mass of
men, and the velocity of their intercourse.

The three brave youths followed Bruce in all his subsequent wars. After completely expelling the English, and when he had made his throne fast, their royal master remembered them in the division which then took place of the property left by the English. On asking them what reward they expected for all their services, they answered that "they had never entertained any prospect of great things, but if his majesty would bestow upon them the thirty-pund lands of the Hassock and Comfoddan, they would be very thankful." To this he cheerfully assented; and they and their descendants possessed the lands for many centuries. The family of the man who had spitted the two ravens with his arrow, assumed for a coat of arms, two ravens proper, with an arrow through both their heads, upon a field argent. The second son had for his armorial bearings a raven volant pierced by an arrow. From the Macfarlane MSS. Advocates' Library.

ROADS.

[From the Italian Exile in England.]

It

Straight roads and symmetrical cities betray a des-
potic power, caring little or nothing for the rights of
property. An undeviating right line is like the sword
of Alexander, with which he cut the Gordian knot,
when he found it impossible to untie it. Turin and
Berlin, the two most regularly built cities in Europe,
rose under the word of command from two military
monarchs; and who does not discern in the intermin-
able straight roads of France and Poland, the arbi-
trary hand which must have made them so? On the
contrary, in England, that ancient land of liberty, the
streets are crooked, full of inns and outs, and most of
the cities are mere heaps of habitations, built without
a plan, as necessity or caprice dictated, not composed
of files of houses, drawn out in line with the regularity
of so many battalions of soldiers. Yet the English
love order, celerity, and economy: true-but it ap-
pears that hitherto he has above all these ever re-
spected the rights of property. So numerous are the
windings of the public roads in England, as to render
a deduction necessary to be made, in strict justice, in
favour of France, from the proportions laid down by
M. Dupin, to which I have before adverted.

The footpath that always runs along the sides of
the streets in the towns, and many of the roads in the
country as well, shows that the people are respected
and respectable. There are canals for merchandise,
the middle of the highway for those that ride, and the
footpath for those who walk. The footway is the tri-
umph of democracy. The lower class is not, as in
portion, small indeed, but inviolable.
other countries, quite disinherited; it has its own
On the Con-
tinent, instead, the roads seem only made for the rich
and for the horses.

THE prosperity and civilisation of a country may be
estimated in a hundred different ways. Some mea-
sure it by the population, some by the quantity of
money in circulation; this by the state of its litera-
ture, and that by the state of its language. David
Hume said, that where good broadcloth is made, as-
tronomy is sure to be known, and the sciences to be
cultivated. Sterne, from the hyperbole of the barber
who dressed his wig, and the tinery of the Parisian
gloveress, deduced two qualities of the French nation,
one amiable, and the other ridiculous. Pangloss,
when he was shipwrecked on the coast of Portugal,
drew the inference, from the sight of men hanging in
When they are once established, the benefits arising
chains, that he was in a civilised country. Why may from roads will soon become immense. Scarcely have
we not also draw an inference of the civilisation of a they become smooth and commodious before carts and
country from the condition of its roads? Where coaches change their forms, and take others more airy
there are no roads, or but few, however magnificent, and elegant; lighter and more handsome horses are
we may take it for granted that there are few or no
books, few or no manufactures, many and unjust More commodious inns are set up, and furnished con-
used, because the roads do not fatigue them so much.
laws, few legislators or only one, a great many friars stantly with fresh provisions, because intercourse is
and very few learned men, many miracles and little
more frequent, and consumption quicker; better shel-
money. Whoever has travelled in Europe, must
have seen with his own eyes the truth of this doctrine. tentive grooms. An English stage-coach, which carries
tered stabling will be necessary, more skilful and at-
Russia, Poland, Turkey, Greece, Transylvania, Hun-eighteen passengers, skims along, drawn by four ex-
gary, Croatia, Bukovinia, Spain, and Portugal, which cellent horses, with a coachman dressed like a gentle-
are certainly the least civilised portions, are also those
man. It makes the spectator tremble and wonder at
which have the fewest roads. In the Peloponnesus, the same time, when he sees such a mountain of "men
where, when poems, tragedies, and histories, were and things" rush by, on a very ticklish balance. If
written, there were so many roads and cart tracks, the roads were bad, instead of good, all must change;
there is now no longer a carriageable road; not in the
the scene I have just described would disappear, be-
whole kingdom of the king of men, Agamemnon,
cause on a bad road a carriage so loaded would break
down, or upset, before it could stir a step; the friction
The best of kings, in war supremely brave !"
would be much greater; it would be necessary to have
who had Automedon for his charioteer, the best coach- more and heavier horses. All these ameliorations are
man in all Greece. From Velez-Malaga to Grenada, a chain which depends on a single link, and that link
in the once wealthy kingdoms of the Arabian dynas-is-the road. All who travel in Spain fly into a pas-
ties, there is no other road than a precipitous mulesion at first, and afterwards cannot help laughing, at
track. From the city of Mexico to Guatemala, there
is nothing that can be called a road. To get over the
twelve hundred miles of intervening distance, the de-
puties from Guatemala, when that republic was united
to Mexico, were obliged to undertake four months'
disastrous travelling. From Omoa to Guatemala it
is the same to traverse these three hundred and
fifty miles, takes sometimes from six to seven months,
in the case of the transportation of merchandise on the
backs of mules. The other Spanish American colo-
nies all alike had over-few roads, and over-much
wretchedness, ignorance, and superstition.

"Of countries vast the ruler sole-supreme,

On the contrary, France, Germany, and Italy, have more roads and more civilisation, and England has more roads and canals, than all the rest of Europe put together and more civilisation. I remember seeing in M. Dupin's work on England, that the total length of its roads and canals, in proportion to its extent of surface, is very much greater than that of the roads and canals of France. Does not the comparative civilisation of the two countries stand perhaps in the Let the same comparison be made between the roads and canals of the north of Italy and

same scale?

In the midst of this concourse of travellers, thieves disappear. Every body knows that, only sixty years ago, it was not uncommon, on a journey, to make up a purse for the highwaymen, so much were the roads then infested with them. At the present day, the instances of such an occurrence are most rare; a highwayman must make as much haste about robbing a coach, as a pick pocket in stealing a watch. At every hour of the night, stage-coaches full of travellers ar rive and depart, with horns blowing to announce their approach; with lamps that throw a light a hundred feet around, dashing along at a regular break-neck pace. It is impossible to calculate how much time England has saved, and how much it has shortened its distances, by means of improved roads, in the last forty years. To go from York to London-that is, two hundred miles-used to take six days: by the mail it now takes twenty hours, by the other coaches twenty-four. From Exeter, fifty years ago, they promised "a safe and expeditious journey to London in a fortnight." Private carriages now accomplish the hundred and seventy-five miles between that city and the capital in eighteen hours. Before the invention of steam-vessels, indeed, the post from London to Dublin took at least six days: in a stormy winter, in one instance, no less than forty-two. Now, whatever the weather, it takes no more than three. A sailing vessel lately arrived at Liverpool in sixteen days from the United States, and brought some venison fresh from the other world! When steam-vessels cross the Atlantic, which they will do at no great distance of time, American game will be a dainty any thing but rare.

SINGULAR STORY OF A RECLUSE.

[From Dr King's Anecdotes of his Own Times.]

I HAVE observed, what is perhaps peculiar to this island, that there are men wholly free from the spleen, or a lowness of spirits, in good health and good circumstances, and only actuated by some whimsical considerations, seek a retreat where they may forget their friends and relations, and be forgotten by them. About the year 1706, I knew one Mr Howe, a sensible well-natured man, possessed of an estate of L.700 or L.800 per annum. He married a young lady of a good family in the west of England; her maiden name was Mallet: she was agreeable in her person and manners, and proved a very good wife. Seven or eight years after they had been married, he rose one morning very early, and told his wife he was obliged to go to the Tower to transact some particular business: the same day, at noon, his wife received a note from him, in which he informed her that he was under a necessity of going to Holland, and should probably be absent three weeks or a month. He was absent from her seventeen years, during which time she neither heard from him or of him. The evening before he returned, whilst she was at supper, and with her some of her friends and relations, particularly one Dr Rose, a physician, who had married her sister, a billet, without any name subscribed, was de livered to her, in which the writer requested the favour of her to give him a meeting the next evening in the Birdcage Walk, in St James's Park. When she had read her billet, she tossed it to Dr Rose, and laughing, "You see, brother," said she, "as old as I am, I have got a gallant." Rose, who perused the note with more attention, declared it to be Mr Howe's handwriting: this surprised all the company, and so much affected Mrs Howe that she fainted away; how ever, she soon recovered, when it was agreed that Dr Rose and his wife, with the other gentlemen and ladies who were then at supper, should attend Mrs Howe the next evening to the Birdcage Walk. They had not been there more than five or six minutes, when Mr Howe came to them, and, after saluting his friends, and embracing his wife, walked home with her; and they lived together in great harmony from that time till the day of his death.

being jolted about in a vehicle with beams of timber
for shafts, axletree, and springs; and is drawn by six
mules, after the fashion of a twenty-four pounder.
The fashion of these carriages, which are built like
ships, must not be attributed to the bad taste of the
Spaniards, but to the steepness of the roads in Arra.
gon, Estremadura, and Galicia. When the roads
have become smooth and solid, and the other succes-
sive improvements are brought to bear, the intercourse
between province and province, between relations and
friends, becomes more frequent; marriages, adven-
tures, incidents, every thing multiplies, and a new
world is created. In England, they go three hun.
'dred miles to hunt; owing to the conveniences,
friends pay each other visits, although at the distance But the most curious part of my tale remains to be
of one or two hundred miles; old men and young la-related. When Howe left his wife, they lived in a
dies, sucking babes with their mothers, all travel house in Jermyn Street, near St James's Church; he
without annoyance, inconvenience, or impediment. went no farther than to a little street in Westminster,
At every inn on the road, breakfast, dinner, or sup- where he took a room, for which he paid five or six
per, is always ready, a fire is burning in every room, shillings a-week, and changing his name, and dis-
and water always boiling for tea or coffee. Soft fea-guising himself by wearing a black wig (for he was a
ther beds, with a fire blazing up the chimney, invite fair man), he remained in this habitation during the
to repose; and the tables are covered with newspapers whole time of his absence. He had had two children

by his wife when he departed from her, who were both living at that time; but they both died young in a few years after. However, during their lives, the second or third year after their father disappeared, Mrs Howe was obliged to apply for an act of parliament to procure a proper settlement of her husband's estate, and a provision for herself out of it during his absence, as it was uncertain whether he was alive or dead. This act he suffered to be solicited and passed, and enjoyed the pleasure of reading the progress of it in the votes, in a little coffeehouse, near his lodging, which he frequented. Upon his quitting his house and family in the manner I have mentioned, Mrs Howe at first imagined, as she could not conceive any other cause for such an abrupt elopement, that he had contracted a large debt unknown to her, and by that means involved himself in difficulties which he could not easily surmount; and for some days she lived in continual apprehensions of demands from creditors, of seizures, executions, &c. But nothing of this kind happened; on the contrary, he did not only leave his estate quite free and unencumbered, but he paid the bills of every tradesman with whom he had any dealings; and upon examining his papers, in due time after he was gone, proper receipts and discharges were found from all persons, whether tradesmen or others, with whom he had any manner of transactions or money concerns.

Mrs Howe, after the death of her children, thought proper to lessen her family of servants, and the expenses of her housekeeping, and therefore removed from her house in Jermyn Street to a little house in Brewer Street, near Golden Square. Just over against her lived one Salt, a corn-chandler. About ten years after Howe's abdication, he contrived to make an acquaintance with Salt, and was at length in such a degree of intimacy with him, that he usually dined with Salt once or twice a-week. From the room in which they ate, it was not difficult to look into Mrs Howe's dining-room, where she generally sat and received her company; and Salt, who believed Howe to be a bachelor, frequently recommended his own wife to him as a suitable match. During the last seven years of this gentleman's absence, he went every Sunday to St James's Church, and used to sit in Mr Salt's seat, where he had a view of his wife, but could not easily be seen by her.

After he returned home, he never would confess, even to his most intimate friends, what was the real cause of such a singular conduct; apparently, there was none: but whatever it was, he was certainly

ashamed to own it. Dr Rose has often said to me, that he believed his brother Howe would never have returned o his wife, if the money which he took with him, which was supposed to have been L.1000 or L.2000, had not been all spent: and he must have been a good economist, and frugal in his manner of living, otherwise his money would scarce have held out; for I imagine he had his whole fortune by him, I mean what he carried away with him in money or bank bills, and daily took out of his bag, like the Spaniard in Gil Blas, what was sufficient for his expenses.

ANATOMICAL STUDIES.

mer than in the latter instance; for in the one in-
stance vegetable matter must receive such an addi-
tion as will give it animal particles and constitute
it animal matter, while in the other no such ad-
dition is necessary. We observe considerable dif-
ferences in the manner in which these particles
are separated from their former connections, in or
der to be introduced into the body of the animal;
in other words, there are various contrivances by
which animals seize upon their prey, and convey
their food into the apparatus appointed to its recep-
tion. Thus, among a very low class of animals, whose
bodies are wholly gelatinous, and almost perfectly
transparent, the act is accomplished by long and de-
licate fibrils or prolongations from the body of the
animal surrounding its mouth, by which it can seize
upon the prey, processes termed tentacula, in which
it, as it were, entangles the object of its pursuit, and
conveys it to the mouth; and existing as these ani-
mals always do in the water, they are enabled by the
motion of these tentacula to produce a current so as
to attract minute animals or particles of animal mat-
ter to themselves.-Dr Todd's Lecture on Anatomy at
the Westminster Hospital School.

HYPOCRITICAL RESPECT FOR ANCIENT WRITERS.

Many of our colonies, at one time so deadly, are now healthy, not so much from the care of the new-comer in avoiding the remote cause of disease, as from the greater number of these causes being removed by cul. tivation. I mean here, by cultivation, that treatment of the land by which it will furnish the largest possi. ble quantity of food for man, and the domestic animals he employs. Wherever we find the cerealia capable of growing, that country is, or by human labour may be made, healthy. Cultivation, likewise, always renders a country warmer; for a large quantity of vege table matter is raised on a given space; and what is vegetable life but the conversion of certain gases. oxygen, hydrogen, azote, and carbonic acid, into solid matter, and a change of form-an alteration from a rarer to a denser state-which must be accompanied by the extrication of heat? What is it that makes living vegetables so difficult of being frozen, compared to dead ones, but this constant formation and exist ence of caloric in them? As an example of the evolution of heat, by the process of vegetation, it may be mentioned, that on looking into a wood in spring, we will find the small plants more advanced in size and strength than those of the plains. In the woods of North America small berries are found much sooner ripe than in the cleared lands.-Kilgour's Thera. peutics.

CAPTURE OF TRINIDAD.

When the British soldiers landed, they broke open the boiling-house and distillery, and made grog in a most original manner, and on a very extensive scale. They rolled out three hogsheads of sugar and seven puncheons of rum, which they emptied into a well of water, drew up the mixture in bucketfuls, and drank it. This singular mode of making grog was intro

those who are accustomed to pronounce the name of Milton
It may, we think, be safely affirmed, that nine-tenths of
with emotions of admiration and respect, are, for the most
part, no farther acquainted with his immortal works, than
by occasionally looking over the first three books of Para-
dise Lost, and a few scattered passages of the remainder.
If we allow a casual perusal or two of Comus, and the
minor poems, it is all that the justice of criticism can con-
cede to the generality of readers. And this we believe, induced by the regiment under the command of Colonel
conscience, is more or less the case with the greater part of
the idols of antiquity, whose works are rather regarded with
superstitious reverence than with sincere and heartfelt vene-
ration. The worship of our ancient writers is grown into
an established faith. They are accordingly regarded with
much apparent deference, and enjoy the ceremonial applause
of many seeming votaries, who acquiesce in their claims to
admiration, because these have long been hereditary, but
without any active participation in the zeal which still
animates the orthodox belief of a few remaining devotees.
For one Catholic admirer of Shakspeare and Milton, we
have little doubt that Scott and Byron could enumerate
twenty heretical disciples.-Retrospective Review, ix. 1.
[We quote this sagacious paragraph, as a support to the
article in our 157th number, entitled "Dissection of a
Classic Poem."]

FINE SENTENCE IN HOOKER.

Hooker, in his Ecclesiastical Polity, says, The time will come when three words, uttered with charity and meekness, shall receive a far more blessed reward than three thousand volumes written with disdainful sharpness of wit.

MATERNAL DEVOTION.

The following instance of maternal anxiety, evinced by a large bear for the safety of its offspring, occurred shortly after we reached our winter quarters (Polar regions), and affords a striking example to many of the human race. She was seen with her two cubs about half a mile from where the ships lay. Our Es. quimaux dogs gave chase, and the unwieldy animal, finding her retreat to the land cut off, made for the edge of the ice at the entrance of the harbour, where the sea was still partly open. The swiftness of the dogs exceeding that of the young cubs, the mother kept in the rear of her offspring, acting on the defensive, and nobly contesting every inch of ground until she had effectually covered their retreat. After they had taken the water, her sagacity told her to keep her enemy at bay until the young ones were comparatively beyond their reach. This she persevered in with remarkable courage, until she considered them free from danger; then suddenly wheeling round, she plunged into the sea, and swam boldly after her progeny. The poor mother had, however, another enemy to contend with. While she was thus engaged with the dogs, a party of our seamen had launched a boat over the ice, but not before the bears had swam nearly a mile from its edge. At this period of the chase there were but few on board who did not feel a lively interest in the result. The scene was unusually animating; the animal had identified itself with the best feel. ings of our nature; she had fought with desperate energy for the preservation of her offspring; and I confess that I for one almost hoped she might es

Anatomy, considered in its largest sense, takes a very wide range; it is engaged not only in the whole animal kingdom, unbounded as that is, but it is now carried into the vegetable kingdom-the researches of the botanical anatomist exposing daily new analogies between the two great divisions of animated nature. To comprehend exactly the use of parts-to know more clearly their mechanism, and in many instances to understand their structure, we must examine them, not in one animal, or class of animals only, but in the whole series. There is beyond all doubt prevailing through the whole animal kingdom such a similarity of parts and general arrangement, as strongly to favour the opinion that all have been formed after one type-insomuch, that in the words of the greatest anatomist that ever lived, amid the innumerable diversities of size, of form, and of colour, of a number of different individuals of the same kingdom or class, we can detect the existence of certain resemblances in the structure, position, and respective functions of parts; and, with a little attention, we can discover their relations even when concealed beneath those differences which sometimes hide them from a superficial obser vation; in fact, we discover that there exists a sort of general plan which we can follow for a longer or shorter time in the chain of beings, and which we can trace even in those which seem to be perfectly anomalous. Anatomy thus pursued through the whole ani. mal kingdom, enables us to compare the same organs in different classes, the diversified bones of the same apparatus performing the same functions, but in a more or less elaborate manner. We are thus enabled to see what are the additions to or subtractions from their apparatus, in virtue of which the functions they per. form become more complex or more simple. Let us endeavour to illustrate this by a familiar example. Throughout the whole chain of the animal kingdom nutrition is accomplished by the taking into the body-United Service Journal. of the animal some particles of matter from without, which particles, after remaining within the animal for some time, become in the greatest part assimilated to and united with the substance of the animal itself. These particles are always taken from the animal or vegetable kingdom, and, as must be obvious, will be more easily assimilated to an animal body in the for

cape. As the boat approached the bears, the parent
seemed bewildered in her painful anxiety for the safety
of her cubs. Wholly regardless of her own danger,
she dived repeatedly, and alternately supporting them
in the water, she endeavoured to urge them forward.
When they were wounded, she dived again and rose
to the surface, so as to place them on her back: thus
singularly balanced, she swam with her offspring in
that position until her destruction was accomplished.

SANATORY EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION.

Vegetation, when assisted by human contrivance, is the best possible means of improving the air, and rendering a country fitter for the abode of mankind. Cultivation removes the corrupt and decaying vegetables; and, by turning them under the earth, makes them nourish the ground instead of poison the air.

|

Sir

Picton the immortal Picton of Waterloo. During his government, he endeavoured to make the colonial department reimburse the proprietor of the plantation for the damage sustained on the landing of his regi. ment; this he was not able to accomplish. Thomas Picton was one of the most able governors this island ever had. His way of treating debtors that had the means, but wanted the will to pay, was original; instead of undergoing the heavy delay of a Spanish law process, creditors were in the habit of going to Governor Picton. He would summon the debtor before him, and ask him if the plaintiff's claim was just. If the defendant answered in the affirma. tive, Picton rejoined, "Pay him, sir, immediately."

Perhaps the defendant would remark that he had not the money at the moment. "When will you have it, sir ?" "This day week." Here the governor would say, addressing the plaintiff, "Here is your money," at the same time paying him himself; and then, turning to the defendant, he would add, "Take care, sir, that you produce the money within ten days." This was enough, for few men would venture to trifle with the governor. He had the art of making himself loved and respected by the honest members of the community, and feared by the worthless.-Monthly Magazine for January.

OLD ENGLISH HOSPITALITY.

In the olden time (according to Kitchener), it was customary for every family in England to have a complete code of economic laws; the most minute attention was paid to the most inconsiderable domestic expense, and the formal stated orders established with regard to many particulars, were precise in the ex

treme.

The Northumberland Household Book for

1512 is a very curious specimen of such a system of ancient economics, in fifty chapters, and four hundred and sixty-four closely printed 8vo pages; this curious and scarce book is one of the most singular and exact accounts of ancient manners that English antiquity affords us. The earl's family consisted of one hundred and sixty-six persons, masters and servants, and fifty. seven strangers were expected every day-in the whole, two hundred and twenty-three. Twopenee halfpenny was reckoned to be the daily expense of each for meat, drink, and firing: and one thousand pounds the annual expense of housekeeping-wheat being then five shillings and eightpence per quarter. This earl's domestic concerns were managed with such extreme exactness, and such rigid economy, that the number of pieces which must be cut out of every quar. ter of beef, mutton, &c. are determined, and must be entered and accounted for by the clerks appointed for that purpose, so there cannot be any thing more er. roneous than the magnificent ideas many people have of the unbounded liberality of "old English hospita. lity." It may amuse the reader to relate a specimen of the pompous, and even royal style assumed by this feudal chieftain; he does not give an order for the making of mustard, of which it is stated that the an. nual allowance was one hundred and sixty-six gallons, but it is introduced with the following formal pream. ble: "It seemeth Good to Us, and our Council," &c. —Kitchener's Household Ledger.

LONDON: Published, with Permission of the Proprietors, by ORB
& SMITH, Paternoster Row: G. BERGER, Holywell Street,
Strand; BANCKS & Co., Manchester; WRIGHTSON & WEBBS
Birmingham; WILLMER & SMITH, Liverpool; W. E. SOMER
SCALE, Leeds; C. N. WRIGHT, Nottingham; WESTLEY & Co.
Bristol; S. SIMMS, Bath; J. JOHNSON, Cambridge: W. GAIN,
Exeter; J. PURDON, Hull; G. RIDOE, Sheffield; H. BELLERBY,
York; J. TAYLOR, Brighton; and sold by all Booksellers,
Newsmen, &c. in town and country.

Stereotyped by A. Kirkwood, Edinburgn.
Printed by Bradbury and Evans (late T Davison). Whitefriar's.

CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM CHAMBERS, AUTHOR OF "THE BOOK OF SCOTLAND," &c., AND BY ROBERT CHAMBERS, AUTHOR OF "TRADITIONS OF EDINBURGH," "PICTURE OF SCOTLAND," &c.

No. 165.

KEEP HIM OUT.

with such superstitious veneration, that, when more correct views arose, those who disseminated them were treated as public enemies. For writing animadversions on Aristotle, Ramus, a Parisian professor of the sixteenth century, was accused of an attempt to sap the foundations of religion and learning, was overwhelmed with ridicule and revilement, and finally slain in the Bartholomew massacre. Not long after the views of Ramus met general approval, Aristotle was condemned to neglect, and a totally different philosophy was set up. In the same century, "Cornelius Agrippa was compelled to fly his country, and the enjoyment of a large income, merely for having displayed a few philosophical experiments, which now every schoolboy can perform; but more particularly, having attacked the then prevailing opinion that St Anne had three husbands, he was so violently persecuted, that he was obliged to fly from place to place. The people beheld him as an object of horror; and not unfrequently, when he walked, he found the streets empty at his approach. He died in an hos"Ipital."+

PRICE THREE HALFPENCE.

but the rest of his life was spent in melancholy and poverty.

Not long after the time of Galileo, scientific discoveries ceased to bring utter ruin upon those who propagated them; but it was long-we perhaps ought to say it will be long-ere they shall be received by mankind in a proper spirit. The discovery of the circu lation of the blood-"a discovery which, if measured by its consequences on physiology and medicine, was the greatest ever made since physic was cultivated"— though it obtained for Dr Harvey the favour of King Charles I., caused a falling off in his practice, drew down upon him the virulent hatred and contempt of most of his own profession, not one of whom above forty years of age gave it any credence, and did not save his house from being plundered by the anti-loyalist mobs during the civil war. Bacon, who, by showing the way to truth in all branches of inquiry, conferred an infinitely greater favour upon his species, died with an appeal to foreign nations and to posterity upon his lips, which must have been dictated in great part by his sense of the prejudices of his contemporary countrymen. Yet, simple and obvious as was the philosophy of Bacon, it was little known in France till the eighteenth century-as a proof of which it may be mentioned, that Bayle, in his enormous dictionary, published eighty

A LATE Scotch judge, of eccentric character, was one day disturbed in court by a noise at the door, of which he querulously inquired the cause. "It's a man, my lord," answered the macer on duty. "What does he want?" "He wants to be in." "Well, keep him out." By and bye, the noisy individual contrived to make good his entrance; and soon after, a repetition of the disturbance took place. "What is't now, John ?" inquired the senator. "It's just the man, my lord." "What does he want ?" "He wants to be out." "Well, keep him in." The treatment of this turbulent but ill-used individual is more consistent with the way of the world than may be at first suspected. When the world first hears of any great discovery in science, or the invention of any thing which seems likely to be of vast benefit to mankind, it exclaims, "Who is this, that is disturbing the proceedings of the court ?" "It is a man," answers the public press, "who wishes to acquaint your lordship with something very much to your advantage." "Don't let him in, then," answers the world; can't be troubled with these fellows with their new- In those times of deplorable superstition, all men fangled notions. The business of the court is going who made themselves acquainted with nature were on quite pleasantly, and if I be not disturbed, I shall conceived to be magicians. Roger Bacon, Pope get home to my dinner in half an hour." When once Gerbert, Cardan, Napier of Merchiston, are only a the discovery or invention, however, has contrived to few of those who were thought to derive their know-years after the death of the author of the Novum Orget in, and is in full operation, albeit by no means a ledge from familiar spirits or demons. The first perfect thing, or the best that might be, it is likely to apostles of science were almost as virulently persecuted be retained with the most jealous care, while better as the first apostles of our religious faith. Virgilius, things applying for admission are as contumelionsly Bishop of Salzburg, having asserted that there existed kept out as the other was at first. Many matters in antipodes, the Archbishop of Mentz declared him a social life are operated upon by the same principle. heretic, and consigned him to the flames. When You enter a profession, for which you are fully quali- Descartes first published his opinions, he endured fied; for several years, while in your highest state severe persecution on account of them in Holland, of energy, you scarcely obtain any employment: by and it was projected to have him burnt upon an emiand bye, jealous and suspicious feelings are overcome, nence near Utrecht, so that the fire might be seen and you get into full practice, which you are sure to over the whole of the seven provinces. Even the Even the discoveries of Newton, which came beretain long after you have ceased to be fit for it, and gentle poetry of Petrarch subjected him to an impu- fore the world so lately as 1687, though they were while young probationers highly qualified remain idle. tation of magic, and, when crowned with laurel at expressly a generalisation of facts demonstrable to A newspaper is often observed to have few advertise- Rome, it is said that he relished the ceremony less as experiment, met at first with the greatest hostility, ments, while its circulation is really good, and to be in an honour than as a means of confounding those ec- and did not obtain a general acknowledgment for full enjoyment of that kind of public patronage when clesiastical enemies who were continually threaten- fifty years. At the time when his Principia apthe contrary state of things has been long in progress. ing him. The sufferings of Galileo for the illustra-peared, natural philosophy was taught through the Struggle, in short, for a good reputation in any depart- tions he had conferred upon the Copernican system, ment of labour, and, when gained, you may-at least for are well known. "A council of seven cardinals," a considerable time-be quite at your ease respecting says Professor Playfair, "pronounced a sentence, the means of retaining it. The world is ill to awaken; which, for the sake of those who are disposed to bebut when once its eyes are open, it can hardly be got lieve that power can subdue truth, ought never to be to shut them again. It will at first believe nothing-forgotten: That to maintain the sun to be immova and then it believes too much, and will admit of nothing else. It goes panting in vain pursuit of the ideas of the more forward class of minds-somewhat in the manner of another Scotch judge, who, after pondering for ten minutes on some merry quip or crank in the pleading of a certain clever barrister, and when the said barrister had advanced to something quite different, would exclaim, with a face all bright with sudden intelligence, "Harry, I hae ye noo-I hae ye

noo!"

From the earliest times, when the first propagation of any thing like just ideas of the Supreme Being sent Anaxagoras to prison, and brought the poisoncup to the lips of Socrates, down to the paltry hostility which Professor Bell lately encountered in announc ing his discoveries in the nervous system, this wretched principle has governed the conduct of mankind. The light which Aristotle threw upon nature was rewarded by exile, and what in modern times would be called a broken heart. For three hundred years, his philosophy was hardly known: the enlightened Romans received it with the greatest distrust. In time, however, it was so extensively received, and treated

ble, and without local motion, is an absurd proposi-
tion, false in philosophy, heretical in religion, and
contrary to the testimony of Scripture. That it is
equally absurd and false in philosophy to assert that
the earth is not immovable in the centre of the world,
and, considered theologically, equally erroneous and
heretical."" It is an anecdote less generally known,
that when this philosopher first constructed the tele-
scope, some persons positively refused to take a peep
at the heavenly bodies, lest what they saw should in-
terfere in any manner with the doctrines of their fa-,
vourite Aristotle.§ Galileo, having afterwards con-
tinued his speculations in astronomy, was f rced by
the Inquisition to disavow his opinions, and condemned
to perpetual imprisonment. He was in time released;

Aikin's General Biographical Dictionary.

+ D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature, i. 50.

Third Dissertation prefixed to the Seventh Edition of the En

cyclopædia Britannica.-This will remind the reader of the coun-
cil of clerical sages at Salamanca, who determined that the views
of Columbus, regarding the discovery of America, were those of
St Augustine had said nothing upon the subject!
a felonious deceiver, because, for one grand reason amongst others,

f Stewart's Dissertation, prefixed to the same work.

ganum, allowed him only twelve lines. Even in his own country, the university of highest reputation continued for two hundred years, and when all around it was in a blaze of light, to keep up the quibbles of Aristotle, and to reject the mode of arriving at truth through the medium of fact and experiment. Yet we are the less inclined to deplore the injustice done to Bacon, so far as he is concerned as an individual, when we recollect that he himself ridiculed the discoveries of Galileo.

medium of a work by Rohault, which, to make it a little more intelligible, was translated into Latin. Incredible it must always appear to all who have not studied the nature of highly endowed universities, that, in 1718, thirty-one years after the publication of the Principia of Newton, a new edition of Rohault was published by Dr Samuel Clarke, and adopted at Cambridge, in which the truths of Newton were given in the humble shape of notes to the absurdities of the elder philosopher, but without the appearance of any controversy. It was only in consequence of the pupils detecting, by the assistance of the notes, the fallacy of what their teachers were expounding from the text, that the doctrine of Newton was at length received, even in the university to which he himselt belonged. More liberality, it is true, was manifested in the universities of Edinburgh and St Andrew's, where David and James Gregory respectively taught those sublime truths within three or four years of their publication; "while we at Cambridge (poor wretches)," remarks Whiston, "were ignominiously studying the fictitious hypotheses of Descartes." But this seems to have been in a great measure owing to the accidental peculiarities of the two professors. Though Newton survived his publication forty years, he had not at his death, as Voltaire alleges, twenty followers out of England. Fontenelle, with great

Edinburgh Review, xlvii.

and tacksmen, and cadets of gentlemen's families. They were, besides, all picked men as to personal qualifications; none being admitted who were not of the full height, well proportioned, and of handsome appearance. Their arms at this time were a musket, a bayonet, and a large basket-hilted sword; and such as chose it were at liberty to furnish themselves with pistol and dirk.

Three years after they were embodied, viz. in 1743, the regiment received an order to march to England. With this order, though it was unexpected, and contrary to the general understanding of the men as to the nature of their service, which they conceived was to be limited to Scotland, they complied, though not without a strong feeling of reluctance. On their arrival in London, they were reviewed on Finchley Common by General Wade, in presence of a large concourse of people, whom the novelty presented by a Highland regiment had brought to the field, and who were highly delighted with the warlike appearance of the men, and with the alacrity and promptitude with which they went through their military exercises. Previous to this, indeed, while they were on their march to England, a rumour had reached the regiment that it was the intention of government to embark them for the plantations; a service then held in the utmost detestation, and considered deeply degrading to a soldier, being looked upon as a species of banishment. After their arrival in the metropolis, some malicious persons busily employed themselves amongst the men in confirming this rumour, and in impressing upon them a belief that they were entrapped and deceived; and in this they succeeded but too well. Convinced that they were the object of some dark design on the part of the government, the men determined at once on returning to their native country; and the manner in which they proceeded to the accomplishment of this project was singularly characteristic. Without breathing a word of their intention to their officers-to whom, however, they imputed no blame in placing them in the predicament in which they conceived they stood-they assembled in a body after dark, two or three days after the review, on a common near Highgate, and commenced their march to the north. As they avoided the highways, and directed their route through fields and woods, keeping, however, as nearly as possible, in a direct line for their destination, it was some days before any intelligence of them was obtained; but they were at length discovered in a wood, called Lady Wood, between Brig Stock and Dean Thorp, in Northamptonshire, where they were surrounded by a body of troops commanded by General Blakeney. At first they refused to surrender unless they obtained a written promise from the general that they should be allowed to retain their arms, and have a free pardon; but these conditions having been refused them, and unwilling to add the crime of shedding blood to the offence they had already committed, they finally submitted unconditionally, and were marched back prisoners to London, where they were tried by a courtmartial, found guilty of mutiny, and condemned to be shot. This sentence, however, was subsequently remitted to all but three, two corporals and a private, who suffered the sentence of the court on the parade, within the Tower, at six o'clock on the morning of the 20th July 1743.

|

this occasion, particularly upon the Indians, who were
delighted with it on account of its resemblance to their
own. In the affairs which followed, the 42d lost no
part of the fame which they had already acquired.
But it was at the siege of Ticonderago, by far the most
sanguinary affair in which they were ever engaged,
that the indomitable courage of these gallant men
shone forth most conspicuously.

during that protracted contest. In 1783, after the conclusion of the American war, the regiment was removed to Halifax, in Nova Scotia, where it remained till 1786, when it was again removed to the island of Cape Breton. In this year, the second battalion of the regiment was formed into a distinct corps, and numbered the 73d, on which occasion their facings were altered from blue to green. The 42d remained at At the attack on this fort, the 42d were placed in Cape Breton till the month of August 1789, when they the reserve; but when they saw the troops who were were embarked for England, which they reached in in advance struggling to make their way through the October, and were landed at Portsmouth after an abdefences which had been thrown up by the enemy, sence of fourteen years. The ensuing winter they amongst which was a formidable barrier of felled spent at Tynemouth, and in the spring of the followtrees with their branches outwards, and all the while ing year returned to Scotland, where they remained exposed to a murderous fire from the fort, they could till the beginning of the year 1793. Hostilities hav not be restrained, but immediately rushed to the ing been in this year declared against France, the front, hewed their way through the barricade of trees whole regiment was assembled at Montrose, from with their broadswords, and, being unprovided with which they marched in May to Musselburgh, where ladders, began to scale the enemy's works by means they were embarked for Hull. In this town they were of steps hastily cut out with their swords and bayonets. received with the most marked kindness and hospi During all this time the men were falling thickly tality; nor did this friendly feeling towards them around by the cool and well-directed aim of the ene- cease at their departure, for the good people of Hull, my, who, in perfect safety themselves, poured down after they had embarked for Flanders, which was their shot on their brave assailants, who, regardless now their destination, sent a present to each man of of the destruction which was dealing amongst them, a pair of shoes, a flannel shirt, and worsted socks. and which threatened altogether to exterminate them, In September following, the regiment embarked at persevered, for no less than four hours, in their gal- Gosport for Ostend, where it arrived on the 1st of Oc lant but hopeless efforts to carry the fort; and in one tober, and two days after joined the army under his instance a captain (John Campbell) and several men Royal Highness the Duke of York, then encamped in actually forced their way over the breast works, and the neighbourhood of Menin, but were soon after or bravely plunged into the midst of the enemy. The dered, with several other regiments, back to England, fate of this gallant officer and his heroic little band, to join an expedition then preparing against the French however, was what might have been expected. They colonies in the West Indies. They accordingly em were all instantly dispatched with the bayonet. barked at Ostend, and soon after arrived at PortsHopeless and desperate as was the struggle, the men mouth; but their destination was now changed from seemed determined to continue it while one of them the West Indies to France, on the coast of which it remained alive; and it was not until they had re- was proposed to make a descent under the command ceived the third order from the commander-in-chief of the Earl of Moira. An expedition intended for this to retreat, that their colonel could prevail upon them service, and of which the 42d formed part, sailed on to desist; and this was not until one-half of the re- the 30th November, but instead of landing in France, giment and two-thirds of the officers were either they put into Guernsey, after cruising about for two killed or desperately wounded. Their actual loss on days, and remained there till January 1794, when the this occasion was eight officers, nine serjeants, and whole returned to Portsmouth. In June following, two hundred and ninety-seven men, killed; and seven- the 42d, together with several other regiments, was teen officers, ten serjeants, and three hundred and again embarked for Flanders, under the command of six men, wounded. Their extraordinary gallantry and the Earl of Moira, and, on the termination of the devoted courage on this occasion filled all Europe with campaign, again returned to England, where they ar admiration, and was then, and for long after, a fa-rived in the end of April 1795. Their next service was vourite topic with the periodical publications of the in the West Indies, under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, day. The affair of Ticonderago took place on the whither they went as part of an armament under the 7th July 1750, and in the same year letters of service command of that general in October 1795, and, as were issued for adding a second battalion to the regi- usual, performed a distinguished part in the arduous ment, which was also made Royal, an honour con- struggle which followed in the French colonies there. ferred on it by his Majesty in testimony of his The regiment remained in the West Indies on this approbation of its loyal, exemplary, and gallant con- occasion till the year 1797, when they returned to Engduct. The new battalion, which consisted of eight land, and were soon after embarked for Gibraltar, hundred and forty men, afterwards added to the three where they remained till October 1798. In that year additional companies raised in 1745, was raised in they were sent, with some other troops, against Mithree months, and embodied at Perth in October norca, which they assisted in taking from the French. 1758. Two hundred of these men were immediately From this period till 1800, they were not employed in marched to Greenock, where they were embarked for any active service against an enemy. In this year the West Indies to assist in a contemplated attack on they were embodied in the celebrated expedition to Martinique and Guadaloupe. They were some time Egypt, under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, where they afterwards joined by the remainder of the second bat- added to their glorious annals one of its brightest talion, and together performed some brilliant exploits pages. At the famous landing of Aboukir, and subin the contests with the French which followed in sequent battle of Alexandria, they particularly distinthis quarter of the world. The broadsword was still guished themselves. In the latter engagement they a favourite weapon with them, and on this occasion fought with the most heroic courage, and in several they made a very free and very able use of it. instances, when their line was broken, continued the contest with the enemy's cavalry individually, each man encountering a dragoon with his gun and bayonet, and fighting on his own ground independent of all assistance from his comrades, who were each engaged in close and single combat with a foe. During one part of the battle, the commander-in-chief, addressing the 42d, called out to them, "My brave Highlanders, remember your country, remember your forefathers." This was enough. They charged the enemy with a fury which nothing could resist, and drove them before them.

From Guadaloupe, the second battalion proceeded to North America, where they arrived in July 1759; and here both they and the first battalion were ac. tively employed, under the command of General Wolfe, till the termination of the war. They were then (1762) included in an armament fitted out for an attack on Martinique, where their broadswords again did good service. With these they rushed upon the enemy with a courage and impetuosity which was irresistible, and which largely contributed to the splendid results which followed, viz. the conquest of Martinique, and the cession of Granada, St Vincent, and St Lucia; thus putting the British in possession of all the Windward Islands.

After this unfortunate occurrence, the regiment was sent to Flanders, where they laid the foundation of that warlike fame of which they now enjoy so large a portion. They were present at the battle of Fontenoy, fought on the 11th May 1745, their first encounter with an enemy; and so pre-eminently distinguished themselves by their gallantry, that the Duke of Cumberland, who commanded the British forces, desired it to be intimated to them that he would be happy to grant the men any reasonable favour they chose to ask. The use they made of this privilege is characteristic. They solicited the pardon of one of their comrades, who was under sentence of a severe corporal punishment for allowing a prisoner to escape. This was all they asked, and it was instantly granted them. On the breaking out of the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, the 42d, with other ten regiments, was ordered to England, where they arrived in October, but was not called upon to take any part in the transactions of that unhappy period. Three new companies were this year added to the regiment, and these were present in some of the affairs connected with the rebellion. In the following year, 1746, during all which time the corps remained in England, they were embarked with other troops on an intended expedition to America, but this design was afterwards changed to a descent on the coast of France, whither they sailed from Portsmouth on the 15th September, and arrived in Quimperly Bay on the 19th. The object of the descent having been in part effected after some operations, in which the Highlanders again distinguished themselves, the troops re-embarked in divisions at Quiberon, and that which included the 42d sailed for Ireland, where they arrived on the 4th November. Here they re- The regiment on this occasion remained in Ireland mained till the spring of 1747, when they were again till the year 1775, when it was embarked at Donaghaembarked for Flanders, and again distinguished them- dee for Scotland, after an absence from that country selves in the various military operations of which that of thirty-two years. On arriving at Port Patrick, country was the scene. In 1748, they were once more where they were landed, they were marched to Glas. ordered to England, and from thence to Ireland, where gow, in which city they remained till 1776, when the they remained till 1756, when they were embarked American war having broken out, they were embarked with a body of troops for North America, where a war at Greenock, along with the Frazer Highlanders, in had broken out with the French. The novelty of April, for the seat of war, and took an active and contheir dress made a great impression in America onspicuous part in the various operations which occurred

The next service in which they were engaged was the capture of the Havannah. After this important conquest, the first battalion, into which all the men of the second battalion who were fit for service were previously drafted, was ordered to embark for New York, where they arrived in October 1762. The remainder returned to Scotland, and were reduced in the following year. In the summer of 1763, the 42d were employed in a harassing warfare with the American Indians; a service in which they were engaged from time to time till the beginning of the year 1765, when they marched to Pennsylvania, where they remained till July 1767. They were then embarked at Philadelphia for Ireland, leaving behind them a character for orderly conduct in quarters, and gallantry in the field, which called forth the warmest encomiums of the Americans.

On the conclusion of this memorable campaign, the 42d were ordered home to England. Soon after their return they were reviewed before his Majesty, who had expressed a desire to see men whose gallantry had gained them so wide a fame. After this they were marched to Scotland, and in two or three years afterwards returned to England again, where the first battalion was embarked for Gibraltar in September 1805. Here they remained till the commencement of the Peninsular war in 1808, when they joined the army in Portugal under General Wellesley. They afterwards formed part of Sir John Moore's army, and added largely to the glory which they had already acquired, on the field of Corunna. In this celebrated battle they fought with all their accustomed bravery, and were especially marked out by their gallant com. mander. At an arduous point in the contest, Sir John Moore rode up to them, and called out, "Highlanders, remember Egypt!" and Egypt was quickly remem bered. They rushed upon the enemy, and drove them back in all directions at the point of the bayonet, Sir John himself accompanying them in the charge; and when he was shortly afterwards struck down with a cannon-ball, it was on the Highlanders, who were still closely engaged with the enemy, that he continued to gaze so long as he remained in the field. At one period of the action, the 42d, who had run short of ammunition, were preparing to fall back to make way for the Guards, who were at the moment advancing, and who they imagined were coming on purpose to