Touches are associated with Sounds, when the ring of a substance suggests its surface to the touch, and vice versú, as in discriminating stone, wood, glass, pottery, cloth, &c.

Touches are associated with Sights, on a very great scale. We connect with the visible appearance of every substance that we may have frequently handled, its feeling to the touch, as soft, hard, rough, smooth, as well as the tactile form and tactile magnitude.

This is the association that Berkeley principally founded upon, in explaining the acquired perceptions of Sight (see Chap. VII.). The fact itself is not to be disputed; we do acquire associations of singular firmness between visible surfaces and their tactile sensations; the cold, hard smoothness of polished marble, the roughness of the fracture of a piece of cast iron or steel, the clamminess of a lump of clay, are suggested rapidly and vividly in the case of all familiar things. And if such be the case with the strictly tactile properties (where no one contends for an instinctive conjunction), we need not wonder at the rapid and vivid suggestion of tangible resistance and magnitude. Still, as will be seen, there are other experiences required to constitute our associations of real distance with its visible signs.

Sounds are associated with Sights, on a still greater scale. Every characteristic sound emanating from an object of characteristic visible appearance, is firmly associated with that appearance. We associate the sound not merely with the sounding object, but with the distance and position of the object. (See Hearing, p. 56.) So that we may be said to hear distance as well as to see it; by both senses, we are made aware of the locomotive effort that would be required to traverse the interval between one distance and another.

We connect every object with its sound when struck; every instrument with its note; every animal with its cries; every human being with their voice, and even with their cough

or sneeze.

Our mother tongue is, in great part, a series of associations between sounds (as names) and visible objects. The extension to written language embraces the further associations between the audible sounds and the printed characters.

26. In the association of different senses, it is to be presumed that the rapidity of the adhesive growth will vary with the adhesive quality of each of the senses.

In the absence of anything to the contrary, we must sup

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pose that when sights and sounds are associated, the progress will depend upon the adhesiveness in sight by itself, and in sound by itself. The mother tongue will be learned with more rapidity, according as the articulate ear is good, and according as the visible associations within themselves are good. No other consideration can be assigned from our present knowledge. It does not seem that any barrier is presented to the union of sensations of different senses; the process is as easy and rapid between two, as in the sphere of one. 27. The Localization of our Bodily Feelings is an acquired perception.

Previous to experience, we do not know the locality of any bodily sensation-for example, a pressure on the shoulder or the toe. But our own body is to us an object of sense; we can see it, and move the hand over it. It is also a seat of subjective sensibilities; it undergoes changes attended with pleasure, and with pain. When we see the hand touching a part, we couple the objective or pictorial aspect with a special tactile feeling; if the hand is transferred to another part, the altered pictorial aspect is connected with the new contact. This is the beginning of our local associations with the parts of the body, and is the means of enabling us to assign the locality of any part that is occasioning a subjective feeling.

Some explanation is necessary here. How should the same pressure, causing the same feeling, be recognized sometimes in one spot, and sometimes in another? The quality of a sensation may be the same in two cases, yet we may learn to localize them differently. On this point, we can only assert the fact, and surmise, that it is physically supported by the independence of the nerves distributed over the different parts; an independence already assumed for the feeling of plurality of contacts, as described under Touch. The nerves of touch in the right forefinger are so far distinct from the nerves of the left forefinger, that a separate track or line of association can be formed between each and the movements that determine us to look to the right or to the left. We seem to have qualitative sameness of sensation with artificial or associated difference.

We are best able to localize the feelings connected with the surface, because its changes are accessible to observation. The deep-seated parts can be got at, only when they are brought into some relation with the surface; as when pres

sure on the stomach or the liver modifies a feeling supposed to be connected with the part; or as when local treatment soothes an irritation.

28. Our body occupies, as it were, a position between the subject mind and the object world at large. Attention to our body is an object state, but with strong subject associations.

By gazing on things external to our body, we are in a truly object attitude; by gazing on any part of the skin, we bring up subject feelings. By imagining the local appearances of a pain, we may almost realize it physically. This is one of the connexions of idea and reality, occurring in an exaggerated form under the mesmeric sleep. Mr. Braid used the fact to induce healthy actions on diseased organs. It is scarcely possible to gaze intently for a long time on any part of the body without inducing subjective feelings in reference to it; and these carry with them actual changes in the part.

29. Associated differences in sensations alike in quality may occur, not only in Touch, but also in Sight, and in Muscular Movements.

The foregoing remarks apply to Touch. The same is true of Sight. A sensation of light may be qualitatively the same as another; but, by arising through different parts of the retina, they are recognized as different; they become associated with different movements. If two twins are so alike that we cannot distinguish them, some variation is made in their dress to prevent confusion. In the same way, sensations through different parts of the retina are made distinct by their alliances. One requires an upward motion to place it in the centre of vision, another a downward; one a larger, and another a smaller sweep, to attain the same position.

As regards the muscles likewise, we have to assume a sense of difference, not due to quality, but to local seat. It may be the same as regards the feeling itself, whether we raise the right arm or the left; but the two feelings enter into distinct alliances with other feelings not the same.

ASSOCIATES WITH PLEASURE AND PAIN.

30. By means of contiguous association, states of Pleasure and Pain can, to some extent, persist, or be reproduced, without the original stimulus.

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The extending of association to states of pleasure and pain, or states of feeling, or emotion generally, must render it a great power as regards our happiness. By a reference to the facts, we can ascertain how far the principle operates in this direction. A familiar example is furnished by our likings for objects and places, after long connexion with them.

The pleasures of the Senses are usually reflected by things that are their causes, or by certain regular accompaniments. Thus we connect the enjoyment of exercise with our instruments of sport or gymnastic; the pleasures of repose with an easy chair, a sofa, or a bed; and the pleasure of riding with a horse and carriage. The sight of food, and its preparation, recalls something of the delight of eating; the scantily indulged child is fascinated by the mere view of the pastrycook's window. The representation of fragrant flowers gives an agreeable recollection of the fragrance.

The pains of the Senses could be still more decisively appealed to. All objects that have severely pained us are painful to encounter. It takes a certain effort, to overcome the repugnance to the instruments of a severe surgical operation.

It cannot be contended that such associated pleasures and pains are individually of any great force, as compared with the originals; the fractional value of each echo is but small. But a total result, very far from insignificant, may be gained, by accumulating around us a great many things associated with our pleasures, and reflecting a number of our happy moments. The sportsman's trophies, the traveller's curiosities, the naturalist's collections made by himself, the student's prizes, the engineer's models, are able to revive an occasional glow of foregone excitement.

31. The law of this association may be assumed to accord with the case of different senses (§ 26). We have already assumed that there may be a good, or a bad, memory for pleasure as such, and for pain as such; while, in regard to special modes of pleasure and pain, as in the several senses, the retentiveness will vary with the goodness of the sense in other respects.

We have formerly seen that a full and accurate memory for pleasure and for pain is the intellectual basis, both of prudence as regards self, and of sympathy as regards others. This may be a general feature of the character, applicable to pleasures and pains as such. Still, we must suppose the general power greatly modified according to the class or local

origin. A high endowment for colour will naturally include the retentiveness for the pleasures and the pains of colour. So, the circumstances that direct attention upon any sense will impress, not only its intellectual elements, but its pleasures and pains.

The revival of a foregone pleasure by force of memory must be measured by the amount of change it makes on the present condition of the mind, as otherwise occasioned. In a happy mood, we are liable to happy recollections, and repel the opposite; but in this case, the pleasurable state represents the present influence, and not the past.

32. The Special Emotions, by being directed habitually on the same object, become Affections.

After the feeling of Love or Tenderness has been often aroused in connexion with the same person, a habitual or customary regard is induced, of greater power than the original attraction. The memories of the past then add their power to heighten the present impression. This influence, however, is chiefly manifested in neutralizing the deadening influence of familiarity. The recollected warmth of past moments keeps up a glow, when the present stimulation has lost its influence. Past associations of tender feeling will even overcome causes of positive dislike.

So, Anger repeated generates hatred. Fear may take on a habitual, and thence more aggravated form. The Egotistic passions are notably strengthened, after having often run in the same channel without opposition. The religious sentiment is converted into an affection, by being made frequently to arise in connexion with the object of worship.

33. The Emotions may spread themselves over collateral and indifferent objects.

We have here a more testing case of association. The accidental connexions with the objects of our love, anger, fear, egotism, suffice to recall the feelings, and have a value on that account. Hence tckens of friendship, relics, places, acquire a deep hold of our affections.

This is carried to the utmost in religion. Holy places, symbols, rites, formalities, language, reflect and magnify the feelings towards the main object of worship; and the difficulty ever has been to keep them from wholly usurping, by their sensuous facilities, the place of the unseen Deity.

Human authority avails itself of such associations, in order